Psychiatric NP Scope of Practice for Narcolepsy in Texas

If you’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP considering treating narcolepsy patients remotely, you’re navigating one of the most legally complex areas in telepsychiatry. Narcolepsy treatment requires Schedule II stimulants (Adderall, Ritalin) and other tightly controlled medications — exactly the drugs that trigger the strictest prescribing rules under federal and state law.

Here’s the reality: as of early 2026, you can prescribe narcolepsy medications via telehealth without an in-person visit — but only because the DEA has extended COVID-era flexibilities through December 31, 2026. That’s a temporary allowance, not permanent policy. And even with federal permission, some states have erected their own barriers that can block you from treating narcolepsy patients remotely.

This guide cuts through the regulatory fog. We’ll cover what’s legal now, what’s changing soon, how your scope differs if you’re an NP versus a psychiatrist, and which states let you practice versus which force workarounds. If you’re joining a telehealth platform or building your own practice, understanding these rules isn’t optional — it’s what keeps your DEA number intact.

The Current Federal Landscape: You’re Operating Under a Temporary Waiver

The Ryan Haight Act’s In-Person Requirement

Federal law — specifically the Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008 — normally requires that any provider prescribing controlled substances via the internet perform at least one in-person medical evaluation of the patient. That’s 21 U.S.C. §829(e), and it’s explicit: no in-person exam, no controlled substance prescription via telemedicine.

For narcolepsy providers, that would mean you couldn’t start a patient on modafinil, Adderall, or sodium oxybate without physically seeing them first. There are narrow exceptions (like if you’re covering for a doctor who did see the patient, or if the patient is in a VA/IHS facility), but none of those fit a typical telehealth psychiatry practice.

COVID Changed Everything — Temporarily

In March 2020, the DEA waived the in-person exam requirement as a pandemic emergency measure. Suddenly, you could prescribe Schedule II–V medications via video (or even phone in some cases) without ever meeting the patient face-to-face, as long as the prescription was legitimate and you met all other requirements (state license, DEA registration, etc.).

That waiver was supposed to end when the federal Public Health Emergency (PHE) ended in May 2023. It didn’t. The DEA and HHS have repeatedly extended it — first to November 2023, then to December 2024, and most recently through December 31, 2026. Each extension buys time while the DEA finalizes permanent telehealth rules (which they’ve been working on since 2022 with limited success).

What This Means Right Now

Through the end of 2026, you can:

• Conduct an initial evaluation via telehealth (video required in most states)
• Diagnose narcolepsy based on history, exam findings you can observe remotely, and diagnostic test results (sleep studies, MSLT)
• Prescribe Schedule II stimulants, Schedule III sodium oxybate, or Schedule IV modafinil/armodafinil without an in-person visit
• Continue prescribing refills indefinitely via telehealth

But you must:

• Hold an active medical/nursing license in the state where the patient is physically located
• Have a DEA registration with Schedule II authority (and any required state-level controlled substance permits)
• Check the state’s prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) before prescribing
• Document a thorough clinical evaluation — the ‘standard of care’ still applies even if it’s remote
• Use electronic prescribing for controlled substances (EPCS) with proper two-factor authentication

What’s Coming

The DEA has been trying to finalize permanent telemedicine rules since 2023. Their initial proposal would have required an in-person visit within 30 days of starting most Schedule II drugs via telemedicine — essentially killing remote stimulant prescribing for narcolepsy. Pushback was fierce: over 38,000 public comments opposed the restrictions. The DEA backed off, extended the temporary flexibilities, and went back to the drawing board.

As of early 2026, no final rule exists. The only finalized telehealth exceptions are narrow: one allows buprenorphine prescribing for opioid use disorder via telemedicine without in-person exams (published January 2025), and another covers VA patients continuing controlled substance therapy remotely. Neither applies to narcolepsy.

Expect the permanent rule sometime in 2025–2026. It will likely be more permissive than the initial proposal (possibly allowing ongoing telehealth prescribing for established patients or specific conditions like ADHD and narcolepsy with safeguards), but nobody knows for sure. The smart move: assume you’ll need an in-person exam option by 2027 unless you’re in a specialty carved out by regulation.

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State-by-State Reality: Where You Can Actually Prescribe Remotely

Federal law sets the floor, but states add their own layers — and some states effectively ban remote narcolepsy treatment despite the DEA waiver.

Florida: Explicitly Blocks Remote Stimulant Prescribing for Narcolepsy

Florida Statute 456.47 says a provider cannot prescribe Schedule II or III controlled substances via telehealth except for:

• Psychiatric disorders
• Inpatient hospital care
• Hospice patients
• Nursing home residents

Narcolepsy is a neurological sleep disorder, not a psychiatric disorder. So even though the DEA allows it federally, Florida law prohibits psychiatrists and NPs from prescribing Adderall or other Schedule II stimulants for narcolepsy via telehealth.

Your workarounds in Florida:

• Prescribe modafinil or armodafinil (Schedule IV) — those aren’t banned
• Require at least one in-person visit to start Schedule II medications, then continue refills via telehealth (the law only restricts initiating via telemedicine)
• Partner with a local clinic or sleep center for the initial in-person exam, then take over remote management

For PMHNPs in Florida: You also face a 7-day supply limit on Schedule II prescriptions (unless you’re a certified ‘psychiatric nurse’ treating a mental health disorder — which narcolepsy isn’t). So even if you arrange an in-person visit, you’d need an MD to handle ongoing stimulant refills.

Texas: NPs Can’t Prescribe Schedule II at All

Texas allows telehealth to establish a physician-patient relationship (no in-person visit required by state law), and psychiatrists can prescribe stimulants remotely under the DEA waiver. But Texas law prohibits APRNs and PAs from prescribing Schedule II controlled substances in outpatient settings — period.

The only exceptions are facility-based: hospitals (for admitted patients), emergency departments, or hospice care. An outpatient narcolepsy patient doesn’t qualify.

If you’re a PMHNP in Texas:

• You can prescribe modafinil (Schedule IV) under a collaborative agreement with a physician
• You cannot prescribe Adderall, Ritalin, or other Schedule II stimulants — ever — for outpatient narcolepsy care
• You’ll need a supervising psychiatrist or physician to write those prescriptions

For platforms operating in Texas: You need physician involvement for any Schedule II prescribing. Many telehealth companies hire both MDs and NPs, using NPs for initial evals and follow-ups, and MDs to sign off on stimulant prescriptions.

New York: Aligned With Federal Rules (For Now)

New York recently finalized regulations (effective May 2025) that require an in-person exam before prescribing controlled substances via telehealth — unless you meet an exception. One key exception: prescribing in accordance with federal law (i.e., the DEA waiver).

Translation: Right now, New York psychiatrists and experienced PMHNPs (3,600+ hours) can prescribe narcolepsy medications via telehealth without an in-person visit, because federal law allows it. If the DEA waiver expires and a new rule requires in-person exams, New York’s law will automatically enforce that requirement.

For NPs in New York: The state moved to full practice authority in 2022 (made permanent in the 2023 budget). Experienced NPs can diagnose and treat narcolepsy independently, including prescribing Schedule II–V medications. You need a DEA registration, certificate to prescribe, and registration with the state’s I-STOP prescription monitoring program — but no collaborating physician.

California: Full NP Authority (If You Qualify)

California passed AB 890 in 2020, phasing in independent practice for NPs. As of January 2023, NPs with at least 4,600 hours of supervised practice (or 3 years) can become ‘104 NPs’ and practice independently, including prescribing Schedule II–V controlled substances.

Requirements for Schedule II authority:

• Complete pharmacology coursework on controlled substances and addiction (mandated by the Board of Registered Nursing)
• Obtain a furnishing number with Schedule II authorization
• Register for a DEA number

Once you have those credentials, you can diagnose narcolepsy and prescribe stimulants via telehealth in California without physician oversight. California has no state-level restriction on telehealth prescribing of controlled substances — it defers to federal law (currently the DEA waiver).

One operational note: California requires checking the CURES PDMP before prescribing Schedule II–IV for the first time and at least every 4 months thereafter. Integrate PDMP checks into your workflow.

Pennsylvania: Physician Collaboration Required, But Otherwise Open

Pennsylvania requires NPs (CRNPs) to have a collaborative agreement with a physician. Within that agreement, the physician can delegate prescriptive authority for Schedule II–V controlled substances.

Key limits:

• A CRNP can prescribe up to a 30-day supply of Schedule II medications; anything beyond that requires physician consultation
• Schedule III–IV prescriptions are capped at 90 days

For narcolepsy, this means a Pennsylvania NP can initiate and manage stimulant therapy, but the collaborating physician should review the case periodically (especially if the patient needs ongoing high doses or long-acting formulations). Pennsylvania has no specific telehealth ban on controlled substances — you follow federal rules.

For psychiatrists in PA: No extra restrictions. You can treat narcolepsy via telehealth under the DEA waiver, check the state PDMP, and prescribe as clinically appropriate.

Illinois: Full Practice Authority (With a Caveat for Opioids/Benzos)

Illinois grants full practice authority to NPs after 4,000 hours of collaborative practice and 250 hours of continuing education in their specialty. Once you achieve FPA, you can practice independently, including prescribing Schedule II–V controlled substances (you need a state mid-level controlled substance license on top of your DEA registration).

The caveat: Illinois law requires NPs with FPA to maintain a ‘consultation relationship’ with a physician if prescribing opioids or benzodiazepines. Stimulants aren’t opioids, so that requirement likely doesn’t apply to narcolepsy medications — but it’s a grey area. Most FPA-NPs maintain a consulting physician relationship anyway to cover those cases.

Telehealth in Illinois: No state-level restriction on controlled substance prescribing via telemedicine. Illinois was an early adopter of telehealth parity and made many COVID expansions permanent in 2021. You can establish a patient relationship remotely and prescribe under the DEA waiver.

For both MDs and NPs: Electronic prescribing is mandatory for all controlled substances as of January 2023, and you must check the Illinois Prescription Monitoring Program before prescribing stimulants.

Psychiatrist vs PMHNP: Scope and Authority for Narcolepsy

Psychiatrists (MD/DO)

You have full prescriptive authority in all 50 states for any medication within your scope of practice. No state law restricts a licensed physician from diagnosing narcolepsy or prescribing stimulants, modafinil, or sodium oxybate.

Practical considerations:

• Narcolepsy diagnosis often requires polysomnography and a Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) — tests you can’t perform via telehealth. You’ll need to coordinate with local sleep labs or accept referrals from providers who’ve already confirmed the diagnosis.
• Some states list narcolepsy as an explicitly permissible indication for Schedule II stimulants. Florida statute, for instance, allows amphetamines for ‘narcolepsy, ADHD, drug-induced brain dysfunction, epilepsy, or refractory depression’ — meaning prescribing them for other reasons could trigger unprofessional conduct allegations. Stick to evidence-based indications.
• Malpractice carriers will expect you to practice within your competency. If you’re a general psychiatrist without sleep medicine training, document that you’re following established protocols, consulting as needed, and monitoring for adverse effects.

PMHNPs

Your authority depends entirely on your state. In full practice states (NY, CA, IL after meeting requirements), you can diagnose and treat narcolepsy independently, including prescribing Schedule II stimulants. In restricted states (TX, FL, PA), you’ll need physician collaboration — and in Texas and Florida, your ability to prescribe Schedule IIs is severely limited or nonexistent.

Key points for NPs treating narcolepsy:

• Competency matters. Narcolepsy is a neurological condition, not a primary mental health disorder (though it has psychiatric comorbidities like depression). If challenged, you’ll need to demonstrate you have the training and expertise to manage it. Many PMHNPs who treat ADHD already prescribe stimulants and have relevant experience.
• Collaborative agreements in restricted states must explicitly authorize narcolepsy treatment and controlled substance prescribing. Don’t assume your agreement covers it — check the language and discuss it with your collaborating physician.
• In states with formulary restrictions (Florida’s 7-day limit, Pennsylvania’s 30-day cap), plan for physician involvement in ongoing management. These aren’t insurmountable barriers, but they add administrative overhead.

What About the Medications Themselves?

Narcolepsy treatment involves some of the most tightly controlled drugs in the U.S. pharmacopeia:

Schedule II stimulants:

• Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)
• Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine (Adderall)
• Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)

These have high abuse potential and trigger the strictest prescribing rules. In states that limit NP prescribing of Schedule II or ban telehealth prescribing for non-psychiatric indications (Florida), these drugs become the bottleneck.

Schedule III:

• Sodium oxybate (Xyrem, Xywav) — used for cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness

Sodium oxybate is Schedule III but has an FDA-mandated REMS (Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy) program. You must enroll in the REMS to prescribe it, and it’s only dispensed through a central pharmacy. That adds administrative complexity but doesn’t change the telehealth legality — you can prescribe it remotely under current federal rules.

Schedule IV:

• Modafinil (Provigil)
• Armodafinil (Nuvigil)

These are first-line wakefulness-promoting agents with lower abuse potential. They’re easier to prescribe in restricted states (Florida allows them via telehealth; Texas NPs can prescribe them under delegation). If you’re operating in a state with Schedule II barriers, modafinil becomes your go-to medication.

Off-label psychiatric meds:

• SSRIs or SNRIs for cataplexy (e.g., fluoxetine, venlafaxine)
• These aren’t controlled substances, so no special restrictions

The Economics of Narcolepsy Care via Telehealth

Narcolepsy is rare (affecting ~1 in 2,000 people), which means patient acquisition is harder than for common conditions like ADHD or depression. DIY marketing — SEO, Google Ads, directory listings — can work, but it’s expensive and time-consuming.

Reality check on patient acquisition costs:

• SEO takes 6–12 months of consistent investment before generating meaningful patient flow. You need expertise in content creation, technical SEO, and backlink building — or you hire an agency for $2,000–5,000/month.
• Google Ads for mental health keywords cost $15–40+ per click. Most clicks don’t convert to booked patients. A realistic cost per booked patient through PPC is $200–400+, and you’re burning ad spend testing campaigns that often fail.
• Psychology Today, Zocdoc, and other directories charge monthly subscription fees ($30–100+/month) plus per-booking fees (Zocdoc charges $35–100+ per new patient). You’re competing with hundreds of other providers on the same platform.
• Total monthly marketing spend for a solo provider trying to build a patient base: $3,000–5,000+, with uncertain ROI and 6+ months before you see consistent results.

Why platforms like Klarity Health make economic sense:

Instead of gambling on marketing channels, you pay only when a qualified patient books an appointment. Klarity uses a pay-per-appointment model (similar to Zocdoc) where you pay a standard listing fee per new patient lead. The value proposition:

• No upfront marketing spend — zero wasted ad dollars on clicks that don’t convert
• Pre-qualified patients already matched to your specialty and availability
• Built-in telehealth infrastructure — no separate platform costs for video, scheduling, or EHR
• Both insurance and cash-pay patient flow — access to multiple revenue streams
• You control your schedule — only pay when you see patients

For providers starting out or scaling, this removes the financial risk entirely. You’re not spending $3,000/month hoping to acquire 5–10 patients. You’re paying a known cost per patient and building your practice predictably.

Compliance Checklist for Narcolepsy Telepractice

Before you see your first patient:

☐ State medical/nursing license in the state where the patient is located (consider multi-state licenses via Interstate Medical Licensure Compact if you’re an MD; APRNs can use the APRN Compact in participating states)

☐ DEA registration with Schedule II authority (and any state-level controlled substance permits — NY requires Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement registration, for example)

☐ Malpractice insurance that covers telehealth and controlled substance prescribing (confirm with your carrier)

☐ EPCS-capable prescribing system (electronic prescribing for controlled substances with two-factor authentication)

☐ Access to state PDMP (register for each state’s prescription monitoring program — mandatory in nearly all states)

☐ Telehealth consent forms (some states require specific disclosures about the limitations of remote care)

☐ Collaborative agreement (if you’re an NP in a restricted state) explicitly authorizing narcolepsy treatment and controlled substance prescribing

For each patient encounter:

☐ Verify patient identity (government-issued ID at minimum)

☐ Confirm patient location (physically in a state where you’re licensed)

☐ Document thorough history — sleep symptoms (excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations), prior diagnoses, prior sleep studies, comorbid psychiatric conditions

☐ Check PDMP before prescribing any controlled substance (document that you reviewed it and found no red flags)

☐ Order or review sleep study results (polysomnogram, MSLT) — you can order these remotely, but the patient needs to go to a local sleep lab

☐ Discuss risks/benefits of controlled medications (abuse potential, side effects, monitoring requirements)

☐ Prescribe via EPCS (no paper or phone prescriptions for controlled substances in most states)

☐ Schedule follow-up — frequent initially (every 2–4 weeks) to monitor response and titrate doses, then quarterly or as needed

☐ Document everything — telehealth visits require the same documentation standards as in-person care, and you’re more likely to be audited when prescribing controlled substances

What Happens If the DEA Waiver Expires?

When (not if) the DEA finalizes permanent telehealth rules, expect changes. The most likely scenario based on proposed rules and public feedback:

• Initial in-person exam requirement for new patients starting Schedule II medications via telemedicine — but with exceptions for established patients, certain diagnoses (possibly including narcolepsy if it’s listed as a chronic condition), or follow-up care
• 30-day supply limits on initial telehealth prescriptions, with ongoing refills allowed remotely after the first month or first in-person visit
• Special registration pathway for providers who want to prescribe controlled substances via telemedicine across state lines (the DEA has mentioned a ‘Telemedicine Special Registration,’ but it hasn’t been implemented yet)

How to prepare:

• Build hybrid care models now. Partner with local clinics or urgent care centers that can provide in-person exams when needed. Some telehealth platforms are already setting up referral networks for this purpose.
• Focus on Schedule IV medications (modafinil, armodafinil) as first-line treatment when possible — they’re less likely to be restricted under new rules.
• Advocate. Professional associations (APA, AANP, AASM) are lobbying the DEA to preserve telehealth access for legitimate chronic disease management. Stay informed and add your voice.

FAQs: Prescribing Narcolepsy Medications via Telehealth

Can I diagnose narcolepsy via telehealth without an in-person exam?

Yes, under current federal rules (through December 2026). But you’ll need objective diagnostic data — typically a polysomnogram showing disrupted nocturnal sleep and an MSLT showing short sleep latency and REM intrusion. You can order those tests remotely, but the patient has to go to a local sleep lab. If you’re inheriting a patient with a confirmed narcolepsy diagnosis from another provider, document that in your records.

Do I need to be licensed in the state where the patient is located?

Yes. Telehealth doesn’t exempt you from state licensure requirements. If your patient is in Texas, you need a Texas medical or nursing license. Multi-state licenses (via Interstate Medical Licensure Compact for MDs, or APRN Compact for NPs) can streamline this, but not all states participate.

Can I prescribe Adderall for narcolepsy via telehealth in Florida?

Not legally, unless you’ve seen the patient in person at least once. Florida law prohibits prescribing Schedule II controlled substances via telehealth except for psychiatric disorders, inpatient care, hospice, or nursing homes. Narcolepsy doesn’t qualify. You can prescribe modafinil (Schedule IV) remotely, or you can require an initial in-person visit, then continue refills via telehealth.

What if my patient moves to another state?

You need to be licensed in the new state to continue prescribing. If you’re not, you have two options: obtain a license in the new state (which can take weeks to months), or help the patient transition to a local provider. Some telehealth platforms handle multi-state licensure for their providers, making this less of an issue.

How often do I need to check the prescription monitoring program?

Most states require checking the PDMP before the first prescription and periodically thereafter — typically every 3–6 months for ongoing controlled substance therapy. Some states (like California) mandate checks every 4 months. Check your state’s specific rules.

Can I prescribe sodium oxybate (Xyrem) via telehealth?

Yes, under the DEA waiver. But you must enroll in the Xyrem/Xywav REMS program first (FDA requirement, not DEA). The REMS involves patient education, consent forms, and dispensing through a central pharmacy. It’s administratively heavier than other narcolepsy medications, but it’s legal to prescribe via telehealth.

What happens if the DEA waiver expires and I have established patients on stimulants?

Proposed DEA rules (not finalized) would likely allow continuing prescriptions for established patients. The in-person exam requirement would apply to new patients or new prescriptions. Keep your patients informed, and be prepared to arrange in-person visits if the rules tighten.

Can a PMHNP in Texas prescribe modafinil for narcolepsy?

Yes, if working under a collaborative agreement with a physician. Modafinil is Schedule IV, and Texas allows APRNs to prescribe Schedule III–V medications under delegation. The collaborating physician must authorize it in the agreement.

The Bottom Line

Prescribing narcolepsy medications via telehealth in 2026 is legal under temporary federal rules, but the landscape is shifting. If you’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP looking to treat narcolepsy remotely, you need to:

1. Understand the federal DEA waiver and when it expires (December 31, 2026)
2. Know your state’s rules — some (like Florida) effectively ban remote stimulant prescribing for narcolepsy despite federal allowances
3. Recognize scope differences — NPs in restricted states face significant barriers with Schedule II medications
4. Prepare for regulatory changes by building hybrid care models and staying informed on DEA rulemaking
5. Focus on economic efficiency — platforms that handle patient acquisition and compliance infrastructure let you focus on clinical care instead of marketing and regulatory overhead

Narcolepsy patients are underserved, often waiting months to see a specialist. Telehealth can bridge that gap — if you navigate the regulations correctly. The opportunity is real, but so are the compliance risks.

If you’re ready to add narcolepsy to your telehealth practice (or launch a new one), consider joining Klarity Health’s provider network. You’ll get access to pre-qualified patients matched to your specialty, built-in telehealth infrastructure, and compliance support — all on a pay-per-appointment model that eliminates the financial risk of DIY marketing. No upfront spend, no wasted ad dollars, just qualified patients who need your expertise.

Explore Klarity’s provider opportunities and start building your narcolepsy practice today.

Sources and References

1. HHS Press Release – ‘HHS & DEA Extend Telemedicine Flexibilities for Prescribing Controlled Medications Through 2026’ (January 2, 2026) – Official announcement of the DEA waiver extension through December 31, 2026. www.hhs.gov

2. DEA Press Release – ‘DEA and HHS Extend Telemedicine Flexibilities through 2025’ (November 15, 2024) – Details on prior extensions and ongoing rulemaking process. www.dea.gov

3. 21 U.S.C. §829(e) Ryan Haight Act – Federal law requiring in-person medical evaluation for controlled substance prescribing via telemedicine (with exceptions). www.law.cornell.edu

4. Florida Statutes §456.47 – Use of Telehealth to Provide Services – State law prohibiting Schedule II/III prescribing via telehealth except for psychiatric disorders and specific settings. www.leg.state.fl.us

5. New York State – Controlled Substances Prescribing via Telehealth Final Rule (Effective May 2025) – State regulation aligning with federal DEA rules for telehealth prescribing. Nixon Peabody Legal Alert

Source:

• https://www.law.cornell.edu/definitions/uscode.php?defid=21-USC-1796173870-113781527&height=800&iframe=true&termoccur=999&term_src=title%3A21%3Achapter%3A13%3Asubchapter%3AI%3Apart%3AC%3Asection%3A831&width=840#:~:text=,that%20a%20prescription%20has%20been
• https://www.hhs.gov/press-room/dea-telemedicine-extension-2026.html#:~:text=announced%20a%20fourth%20temporary%20extension,while%20permanent%20rules%20are%20finalized
• https://www.dea.gov/documents/2024/2024-11/2024-11-15/dea-and-hhs-extend-telemedicine-flexibilities-through-2025#:~:text=promulgate%20a%20final%20set%20of,Medications%2C%E2%80%9D%20was%20submitted%20to%20the
• https://www.dea.gov/press-releases/2025/12/31/dea-extends-telemedicine-flexibilities-ensure-continued-access-care#:~:text=On%20January%2017%2C%202025%2C%20DEA,to%20as%20the%20%E2%80%9CTwo%20Final
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• https://www.tmb.state.tx.us/page/facility-based-prescriptive-delegation#:~:text=at%20the%20hospital%E2%80%99s%20facility,from%20a%20qualified%20hospice%20provider
• https://www.cchpca.org/resources/state-telehealth-laws-and-reimbursement-policies-report-fall-2025/#:~:text=Texas%20regulations%20emphasize%20continuity%20of,Note
• https://www.nixonpeabody.com/insights/alerts/2025/06/18/new-york-state-finalizes-telemedicine-rule-for-controlled-substances#:~:text=match%20at%20L114%20The%20rule,and%20the%20US%20Department%20of
• https://www.nixonpeabody.com/insights/alerts/2025/06/18/new-york-state-finalizes-telemedicine-rule-for-controlled-substances#:~:text=In%20short%2C%20the%20exception%20permits,as%20a%20condition%20of%20state
• https://rxagent.co/blog/np-prescribing-authority#:~:text=Conversely%2C%20in%20Restricted%20Practice%20states,expand%20this%20scope%20%206