Prescriber Scope of Practice for Anxiety in Pennsylvania

If you’re a psychiatrist or psychiatric nurse practitioner treating anxiety via telehealth, you’re navigating one of the most regulated—and rapidly changing—areas of mental healthcare. Between federal DEA rules, state-specific prescribing laws, and evolving scope-of-practice regulations, staying compliant while delivering quality care can feel like threading a legal needle.

Here’s the reality: the rules governing how you can prescribe anxiety medications via telehealth differ dramatically by state and provider type. A psychiatrist in California operates under completely different constraints than one in Texas. A PMHNP with full practice authority in Illinois has freedoms that a Florida PMHNP under physician supervision doesn’t. And with the DEA’s temporary COVID-era telehealth flexibilities set to expire (though extended through December 2025), the landscape could shift again soon.

This guide breaks down exactly what you need to know to practice legally and confidently—whether you’re considering joining a telehealth platform like Klarity Health or expanding your existing practice across state lines.

The Federal Foundation: DEA Rules and the Ryan Haight Act

Let’s start with the federal baseline that applies everywhere. Under the Ryan Haight Act (21 U.S.C. §829(e)), prescribing controlled substances ‘by means of the Internet’ normally requires an in-person medical evaluation first. For anxiety treatment, this matters because many acute anxiety medications—particularly benzodiazepines like alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), and clonazepam (Klonopin)—are Schedule IV controlled substances.

The COVID Game-Changer

When the pandemic hit in March 2020, federal authorities invoked public health emergency exceptions, allowing controlled substance prescribing via telehealth without any prior in-person visit. This was revolutionary for psychiatry—suddenly, a provider could evaluate a new patient with panic disorder via video and legally prescribe a benzodiazepine, something that would have violated federal law months earlier.

These flexibilities have been extended multiple times. Most recently, in November 2024, the DEA announced a third extension through December 31, 2025. This means as of early 2026, you can still initiate controlled medication for anxiety entirely via telehealth—no in-person exam required—as long as you:

• Conduct an appropriate evaluation via live audio-video
• Hold a valid DEA registration
• Comply with all state laws
• Document the encounter properly

What’s Coming Next?

The uncertainty is the hard part. In early 2023, the DEA proposed new rules that would have reinstated in-person visit requirements (with a limited 30-day telehealth allowance for certain meds). After 38,000+ public comments—many from mental health providers concerned about access—the DEA pulled back and opted for the current extension while developing ‘a new path forward for telemedicine.’

Practical reality for providers: You should prepare for possible rule changes in 2026. This might mean building relationships with affiliated clinics where patients could get in-person evaluations if required, or being ready to transition patients to hybrid care models. Until new rules are finalized, though, federal law permits fully remote controlled substance prescribing for legitimate medical purposes.

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Psychiatrists: Full Authority, State-Specific Rules

As a psychiatrist (MD/DO), your scope of practice is the broadest in mental healthcare. Every state grants you independent authority to diagnose and treat anxiety disorders, prescribe any medication (controlled or not), and provide psychotherapy—no supervision or collaboration agreements required.

What This Means for Anxiety Treatment

• You can prescribe SSRIs, SNRIs, buspirone, hydroxyzine (non-controlled medications) without restriction
• You can prescribe benzodiazepines (Schedule IV) when clinically appropriate
• You can prescribe stimulants for comorbid ADHD (Schedule II) if needed
• You can combine medication management with therapy as you see fit

The regulatory challenges aren’t about scope—they’re about adhering to prescribing regulations and managing multi-state licensure.

Multi-State Practice: The Licensure Maze

To treat anxiety patients via telehealth, you must be licensed in the patient’s state. Period. No exceptions. This is true even if you never physically set foot there.

Interstate Medical Licensure Compact (IMLC): Good news—Texas, Florida, Illinois, and Pennsylvania are IMLC member states, which can streamline the licensing process for qualified physicians. Bad news—California and New York are not, so you’ll need to go through their full individual licensing processes.

For a telehealth platform like Klarity, this matters enormously. If you want to see patients across multiple states, you’ll need multiple licenses. The good news? Many platforms help with this process and the economics make sense—with a steady patient flow, the license fees pay for themselves quickly.

Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs): Non-Negotiable

Every state with patients you’re treating has PDMP requirements for controlled substances. Here’s what you need to know:

New York (I-STOP): Must check the PMP database before every Schedule II, III, or IV prescription. That means every time you prescribe or refill a benzodiazepine for an anxiety patient, you’re logging into the system. Non-compliance can trigger medical board action.

California (CURES): Check PDMP before initial controlled substance prescription and at least every 4 months for ongoing therapy.

Florida (E-FORCSE): Required check before any Schedule II-V prescription for patients 16+, then every 90 days for ongoing therapy.

Texas: Mandatory PDMP check for opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and carisoprodol before prescribing.

Pennsylvania: Must check before initial benzo or opioid prescription and for each subsequent prescription (interpreted broadly—essentially every time).

Illinois: Required for Schedule II prescriptions; strongly encouraged (and becoming standard practice) for all controlled substances.

Most modern EHR systems integrate PDMP access, but this adds 2-3 minutes to each encounter. Factor this into your workflow.

Electronic Prescribing Requirements

California and New York mandate e-prescribing for all medications—controlled or not. The other four states require or strongly encourage e-prescribing for controlled substances specifically. If you’re practicing via telehealth in 2026, you need DEA-compliant EPCS (Electronic Prescribing for Controlled Substances) software with two-factor authentication.

Platforms like Klarity typically provide this infrastructure, which is one less thing to manage independently.

PMHNPs: Powerful Scope, Variable Authority

Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioners can diagnose, treat, and prescribe for anxiety disorders in every state—but how independently you can practice and what you can prescribe varies dramatically by state.

The Full Practice Authority Spectrum

Full Practice States (for experienced PMHNPs):

Illinois: After completing 4,000 clinical hours and additional training, PMHNPs can practice independently—evaluating patients, prescribing medications (including controlled substances), no physician oversight required. There’s a consultation requirement for prescribing Schedule II opioids during your first five years of full practice authority, but for anxiety medications (mainly Schedule IV benzos), you’re autonomous.

New York: PMHNPs with 3,600+ practice hours under physician collaboration can now practice completely independently (law changed in 2022). An experienced PMHNP in New York can open their own telehealth anxiety practice without any physician agreement.

California: In transition. As of 2023, experienced NPs (3+ years) can practice independently in group settings. By January 2026, qualified PMHNPs will be able to practice fully independently across all settings. If you’re in California now, you still need standardized procedures with physician approval—but that’s ending soon.

Restricted Practice States:

Texas: You must work under a Prescriptive Authority Agreement (PAA) with a physician. The physician doesn’t need to be on-site but formally supervises your practice. Texas also has a significant limitation: APRNs cannot prescribe Schedule II controlled substances in outpatient settings except in hospitals or for hospice patients. For anxiety practice, this mainly matters if treating comorbid ADHD (stimulants are Schedule II)—you’d need the collaborating physician to handle those prescriptions.

Florida: PMHNPs must practice under a supervisory protocol with a physician (unlike primary care NPs who can practice independently if they meet criteria—that exemption doesn’t apply to psychiatric specialists). Florida also limits Schedule II prescriptions by NPs to 7-day supplies unless you’re a certified psychiatric nurse treating mental health conditions—then that limit doesn’t apply. For most anxiety treatment (Schedule IV benzos), you’re fine, but you need that protocol on file.

Pennsylvania: Collaborative agreement with a physician required. The agreement must detail your prescribing authority. Pennsylvania allows NPs to prescribe Schedule II for up to 30 days and Schedule III-IV (including benzodiazepines) for up to 90 days, but this must be within your collaborative scope.

Controlled Substance Prescribing: The Details That Matter

Benzodiazepines (Schedule IV)—the most common anxiety medications:

• All states permit PMHNPs to prescribe these with appropriate authority
• In collaborative states, ensure your agreement explicitly covers benzodiazepines
• Follow the same PDMP requirements as physicians in your state

Schedule II limitations:

• Texas: Cannot prescribe in outpatient settings (critical limitation)
• Florida: Can prescribe for psychiatric conditions beyond the 7-day limit if you’re a certified psychiatric nurse
• Illinois (with FPA): Can prescribe independently, but consultation arrangement needed for opioids in first 5 years of FPA
• Other states: Generally permitted under collaborative agreements with quantity limits (e.g., 30-day supply in PA)

Additional Requirements:

• DEA registration: Required for all controlled substance prescribing
• State controlled substance licenses: Required in some states (e.g., Illinois, Florida) in addition to DEA number
• Continuing education: Florida requires a 3-hour CE course on safe controlled substance prescribing

What This Means Practically

If you’re a PMHNP considering telehealth platforms, your state matters enormously. Joining Klarity or a similar service in New York or Illinois as an experienced NP? You can practice fully independently—evaluating patients, prescribing anxiety medications, managing care autonomously. Same platform in Texas or Florida? You’ll need physician collaboration agreements in place (which the platform typically facilitates, but it’s a structural requirement).

The good news: telehealth platforms handle much of this complexity. They maintain the necessary physician collaborator relationships in restricted states, ensure collaborative agreements are properly filed, and configure e-prescribing systems with state-appropriate limitations (so you literally can’t select a Schedule II medication in Texas if you’re an NP—the system won’t allow it).

State-by-State Telehealth Prescribing: What Actually Matters

Federal DEA rules set the floor, but states add their own layers. Here’s what you need to know for the six largest markets:

California: Telehealth-Friendly, But License-Strict

The Good:

• No mandatory in-person exam for telehealth prescribing (as long as standard of care is met)
• State law explicitly permits telehealth evaluation for prescriptions
• No state restrictions on controlled substance prescribing via telehealth beyond federal law
• NP independence coming fully online by 2026

The Requirements:

• Must have California medical license (no special telehealth license; not in IMLC)
• E-prescribing mandatory for all prescriptions
• CURES PDMP check required within 24 hours of initial Schedule II-IV prescription, then every 4 months
• Strong telehealth parity laws ensure Medicaid and private insurance coverage

Bottom Line: CA is great for telehealth once you’re licensed, but getting that license (especially for out-of-state providers) takes time and effort. Not in the Interstate Compact means going through California’s full process.

Texas: Modern Rules, Specific Limitations

The Good:

• Video-based telehealth explicitly permitted for establishing patient relationships
• IMLC member (easier multi-state licensing for physicians)
• Medicaid covers tele-mental health, including audio-only for mental health

The Requirements:

• Must establish care via synchronous audio-visual exam (not phone-only for new patients)
• Mandatory PDMP check before prescribing opioids, benzos, barbiturates, or carisoprodol
• APRNs cannot prescribe Schedule II outpatient (affects NPs but not psychiatrists)
• Teleprescribing Schedule II for chronic pain is prohibited (doesn’t affect psychiatric use for anxiety/ADHD)

Bottom Line: Texas modernized its telehealth laws in 2017 (SB 1107), removing old barriers. For psychiatrists, it’s straightforward. For PMHNPs, the Schedule II limitation for outpatient settings matters if treating comorbid conditions.

Florida: Explicit Carve-Outs for Psychiatric Care

The Good:

• Explicit exception allowing Schedule II prescribing via telehealth for psychiatric treatment
• Out-of-state Telehealth Provider Registration available (rare nationally—can practice without full FL license)
• Psychiatric nurses get exemption from 7-day Schedule II limit when treating mental health conditions

The Requirements:

• Must obtain written patient consent for telehealth treatment
• E-FORCSE (PDMP) check required before any Schedule II-V prescription and every 90 days thereafter
• E-prescribing mandatory for controlled substances
• PMHNPs must have physician supervisory protocol (not included in FL’s primary care NP independence)

Bottom Line: Florida explicitly protects psychiatric telehealth prescribing with statutory carve-outs. The out-of-state registration option is unique and valuable for multi-state practitioners. Just be aware of the NP supervision requirement.

New York: High-Volume Market, Strict Compliance

The Good:

• No state-mandated in-person exam requirement
• Telehealth permitted for psychiatric evaluations and treatment
• Experienced PMHNPs (3,600+ hours) have full practice authority
• Strong telehealth coverage and reimbursement

The Requirements:

• I-STOP (PDMP) check mandatory before every Schedule II-IV prescription
• E-prescribing required for all medications (since 2016)
• Must have NY medical license (not in IMLC—separate license process required)
• Audio-only telehealth permitted for mental health in some cases

Bottom Line: New York is a huge market with strong telehealth adoption, but the I-STOP requirement means you’re checking the PDMP every single time you prescribe or refill a benzo—no exceptions. Build this into your workflow.

Pennsylvania: Traditional Rules, Modernizing Slowly

The Good:

• IMLC member (easier physician licensing)
• Standard of care approach—no specific telehealth restrictions
• Can prescribe via telehealth if evaluation is equivalent to in-person

The Requirements:

• Video recommended for initial evaluations (audio-only discouraged)
• PDMP check required before each benzodiazepine or opioid prescription
• E-prescribing mandatory for controlled substances
• PMHNPs need collaborative agreements (independence bills haven’t passed yet)
• NP prescribing limits: Schedule II up to 30 days, Schedule III-IV up to 90 days

Bottom Line: Pennsylvania is straightforward for psychiatrists practicing via telehealth. For PMHNPs, it’s a collaborative practice state with moderate prescribing limits. The frequent PDMP checks (before each prescription) are stricter than some states.

Illinois: NP-Friendly, Strong Telehealth Infrastructure

The Good:

• Full Practice Authority available for experienced PMHNPs (4,000+ hours)
• Audio-only telehealth explicitly permitted for behavioral health
• IMLC member (physicians) and Nurse Licensure Compact member
• Telehealth coverage mandated by law (including audio-only for mental health)

The Requirements:

• NPs prescribing Schedule II opioids need physician consultation arrangement (first 5 years of FPA)
• PDMP registration and consultation required for Schedule II prescriptions
• State controlled substance license required (in addition to DEA)
• Standard of care documentation for telehealth encounters

Bottom Line: Illinois is one of the most NP-friendly states in the country. For both psychiatrists and experienced PMHNPs, it offers strong telehealth support with reasonable regulatory requirements.

The Economics: Why These Rules Matter for Your Practice

Understanding these regulations isn’t just about compliance—it’s about knowing which markets you can serve efficiently and what your patient acquisition economics look like.

Reality Check on Marketing Costs:

If you’re thinking about DIY marketing (SEO, Google Ads, directory listings), here’s what you’re really looking at:

• Google Ads for mental health keywords: $15-40+ per click, with most clicks not converting to booked patients. Realistic cost per booked patient: $200-400+
• SEO investment: 6-12 months of consistent work before meaningful patient flow, typically requiring agency support ($2,000-5,000/month)
• Directory listings (Psychology Today, Zocdoc): Monthly fees plus competition with hundreds of other providers. Zocdoc charges per booking ($35-100+) but with subscription fees, monthly costs add up quickly
• Total realistic DIY CAC: $200-500+ per qualified patient when you factor in ALL costs—ad spend, testing and optimization, agency fees, staff time, no-shows from cold leads, and failed campaigns

The Telehealth Platform Alternative:

Platforms like Klarity Health use a different model:

• Pay-per-appointment structure: You pay a standard listing fee per new patient lead (similar to Zocdoc’s booking fee model)
• No upfront marketing spend: Zero monthly subscriptions, no ad budget gambling
• Pre-qualified patients: Already matched to your specialty and availability—no wasted time on unqualified leads
• Built-in infrastructure: Telehealth platform, e-prescribing, EHR—included (no separate $100-300/month platform fees)
• Both insurance and cash-pay flow: Diversified patient sources
• You control your schedule: Only pay when you see patients

The ROI Math:

Instead of spending $3,000-5,000/month on marketing with uncertain results, you pay only when a qualified patient books with you. That’s guaranteed ROI versus gambling on marketing channels that might not work.

For providers starting out or scaling, this removes risk entirely. For established providers, it’s a way to fill gaps in your schedule without additional marketing overhead.

Multi-State Licensing ROI:

If you can efficiently serve patients in multiple states, the economics improve dramatically. A California license might cost $1,000+ and take months, but if you’re seeing 20+ California patients monthly at $150-200 per session, it pays for itself in the first month.

This is where understanding state regulations becomes critical: knowing which states allow your provider type to practice efficiently determines which licenses are worth pursuing.

Practical Compliance: Building a Sustainable Workflow

Here’s how to structure your practice for regulatory compliance without drowning in administrative work:

1. Choose Your States Strategically

• Prioritize states where you can practice independently (if you’re an NP)
• Consider IMLC states for easier physician licensing
• Look at market size and telehealth adoption rates
• Factor in PDMP requirements (some are more time-consuming than others)

2. Integrate PDMP Checks Seamlessly

• Use EHR systems with built-in PDMP integration where available
• Build 2-3 minutes into appointment templates for PDMP queries
• Create templates or macros to document PDMP checks quickly
• In states requiring per-prescription checks (PA, NY), make it a non-negotiable pre-prescribing step

3. Master E-Prescribing Compliance

• Ensure your EPCS system is DEA-compliant with two-factor authentication
• Keep your credentials secure and updated
• Understand state-specific requirements (e.g., NY and CA require e-prescribing for everything)
• Have a backup protocol for rare system failures (documented attempt to e-prescribe, then paper with explanation)

4. Document Telehealth Appropriately

• Note the modality used (video, audio-only if permitted)
• Document why the encounter met standard of care
• In states requiring consent (FL, IL), document patient’s consent to telehealth treatment
• Note any limitations of the virtual exam and how you addressed them

5. Stay Current on Regulatory Changes

• DEA rules could change in 2026—subscribe to DEA updates or industry newsletters
• State boards periodically update telehealth guidance—check your state boards quarterly
• Professional organizations (APA, AANP) provide regulatory updates
• If working with a platform like Klarity, they should alert you to regulatory changes affecting your practice

When to Partner vs. Go Solo

Consider a telehealth platform like Klarity if:

• You’re new to telehealth and want infrastructure handled
• You want to practice in multiple states without managing individual marketing in each
• You prefer predictable per-patient economics over marketing budget uncertainty
• You want pre-qualified patients already matched to anxiety treatment
• You value having collaborative agreements (for NPs) and compliance infrastructure managed

Consider solo practice if:

• You have existing local referral relationships and brand recognition
• You have budget and expertise for 6-12 months of SEO investment ($30,000-60,000+)
• You want complete control over patient relationships and don’t mind administrative overhead
• You’re practicing in one state and can focus marketing there
• You have systems already in place for telehealth technology, e-prescribing, PDMP compliance

The hybrid approach: Many successful providers do both—maintaining their own practice while partnering with platforms to fill schedule gaps and access new geographic markets. The key is understanding the economics and regulations in each state you’re serving.

FAQ

Can I prescribe benzodiazepines via telehealth in 2026?

Yes, under current federal rules (extended through Dec 31, 2025, likely continuing into 2026). You must conduct an appropriate video evaluation, hold a valid DEA registration, and comply with all state requirements (PDMP checks, e-prescribing, collaborative agreements if required). State-specific rules apply—for example, in Texas as an NP you cannot prescribe Schedule II outpatient, but benzodiazepines (Schedule IV) are permissible. Watch for DEA rule changes that might reinstate in-person requirements.

Do I need a separate medical license for each state where I see telehealth patients?

Yes. You must be licensed in the patient’s state of residence during the telehealth encounter. The Interstate Medical Licensure Compact (IMLC) can streamline this for physicians in member states (TX, FL, IL, PA—but not CA or NY). Some states (like Florida) offer special telehealth registrations for out-of-state providers, but this is rare. Budget for multi-state licensing if you want to serve patients nationwide.

What’s the difference in regulations for psychiatrists vs. PMHNPs?

Psychiatrists have full independent practice authority in every state—no supervision required, no scope limitations on prescribing. PMHNPs face state-by-state variation: some states grant full practice authority after meeting experience requirements (NY, IL, CA by 2026), while others require physician collaboration or supervision (TX, FL, PA). Additionally, some states restrict NP prescribing of Schedule II controlled substances (TX prohibits outpatient Schedule II by NPs; FL limits Schedule II to 7 days except for psychiatric nurses treating mental health). For Schedule IV anxiety meds like benzodiazepines, PMHNPs in all states can prescribe with appropriate authority.

How often do I need to check the PDMP?

This varies by state:

• New York: Before every Schedule II-IV prescription (every time, no exceptions)
• California: Initial prescription and every 4 months for ongoing therapy
• Florida: Before any controlled substance prescription and every 90 days thereafter
• Texas: Before prescribing opioids, benzos, barbiturates, or carisoprodol (generally interpreted as each time)
• Pennsylvania: Before each benzodiazepine or opioid prescription (each time)
• Illinois: For Schedule II prescriptions; encouraged for all controlled substances

Build PDMP checking into your workflow as a standard pre-prescribing step.

Can I practice via telehealth using only audio (phone) for anxiety patients?

State laws vary. Some states (Illinois, Texas Medicaid) explicitly permit audio-only for mental health services. However, for new patient evaluations and controlled substance prescribing, video is strongly recommended and often required to meet standard of care and federal DEA expectations. Audio-only is generally more acceptable for follow-up visits with established patients. Always document why video wasn’t used if you conduct audio-only sessions.

What happens if DEA changes the telehealth prescribing rules in 2026?

The current temporary rules expire December 31, 2025, though they may be extended again. If DEA reinstates in-person exam requirements, you would need to either: (1) see patients in person before prescribing controlled substances via telehealth, (2) arrange for patients to be seen at DEA-registered facilities during video visits, or (3) use a special DEA telemedicine registration if/when that becomes available. Most likely scenario: some form of hybrid model allowing telehealth continuation after an initial in-person exam. Stay alert to DEA announcements throughout 2026.

How much does multi-state licensing cost and how long does it take?

Costs vary but expect:

• IMLC states (if eligible): $700-1,000 per state, 60-90 days
• Non-IMLC states (CA, NY): $1,000-2,000 per state, 90-180+ days
• Nurse practitioner licensing: Similar timelines, varies by state compact participation
• Controlled substance licenses: Additional $50-300 per state
• DEA registration: $731 for 3 years (need one per state where you have a principal practice location)

Many telehealth platforms assist with this process. Factor in both time and cost when planning multi-state expansion.

Does insurance reimburse for telepsychiatry at the same rate as in-person?

Generally yes, thanks to COVID-era policy changes that most states and insurers made permanent. All six priority states (CA, TX, FL, NY, PA, IL) have telehealth parity laws requiring equivalent reimbursement for services delivered via telehealth. Medicare also maintains telehealth payment parity for mental health services. However, policies differ by payer and state—verify with specific insurance contracts.

The Bottom Line for Anxiety Providers

Treating anxiety via telehealth in 2026 requires navigating a complex but manageable regulatory landscape. The key success factors:

1. Know your scope and state rules. Psychiatrists enjoy full authority everywhere but must manage multi-state licensing. PMHNPs need to understand which states grant independence and which require collaboration.

2. Build compliance into your workflow. PDMP checks, e-prescribing, proper documentation—these aren’t optional extras, they’re core requirements. Design systems that make compliance automatic, not burdensome.

3. Choose your markets strategically. Not all states are equal for telehealth practice. Consider where you can practice efficiently, where patient demand is highest, and where licensing barriers are lowest.

4. Understand the economics. DIY marketing costs $200-500+ per acquired patient with months of ramp-up time. Telehealth platforms offer pay-per-appointment models with pre-qualified patients and built-in infrastructure. Choose the approach that fits your practice stage and goals.

5. Stay flexible. Federal DEA rules may change. State laws continue to evolve (generally toward more NP independence and telehealth access). Build a practice structure that can adapt.

For most psychiatric providers, the path of least resistance and greatest ROI is joining an established telehealth platform that handles patient acquisition, compliance infrastructure, multi-state arrangements, and administrative overhead—letting you focus on what you do best: treating patients.

If you’re ready to serve anxiety patients via telehealth without the marketing gamble or compliance headaches, platforms like Klarity Health offer a turnkey solution: pre-qualified patients, built-in technology, multi-state support, and you only pay when you see patients.

Explore joining Klarity’s provider network →

Sources

1. DEA & HHS Telemedicine Extension Announcement – DEA and HHS Extend Telemedicine Flexibilities through 2025 (November 15, 2024) – https://www.dea.gov/documents/2024/2024-11/2024-11-15/dea-and-hhs-extend-telemedicine-flexibilities-through-2025

2. Ryan Haight Act (Federal Law) – 21 U.S.C. § 829(e) and § 802(54), Controlled Substance Act provisions via Cornell Law (Current through 2025) – https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/829

3. Center for Connected Health Policy – State Telehealth Policies for Online Prescribing (Updated January 9, 2026) – https://www.cchpca.org/topic/online-prescribing/

4. Florida Statutes – F.S. 456.47 (Telehealth Services) and F.S. 464.012 (APRN Controlled Substance Prescribing), 2025 edition – http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/

5. Texas Board of Nursing – APRN Prescriptive Authority FAQ (Updated December 9, 2025) – https://www.bon.texas.gov/faqpracticeaprn.asp.html

Source:

• https://www.dea.gov/documents/2024/2024-11/2024-11-15/dea-and-hhs-extend-telemedicine-flexibilities-through-2025#:~:text=forward%20for%20telemedicine%2C%20DEA%20and,through%20the%20end%20of%202024
• https://www.cchpca.org/topic/online-prescribing/#:~:text=Controlled%20Substance%20Act
• https://www.cchpca.org/topic/online-prescribing/#:~:text=Note%20that%20the%20practice%20of,chapter%205%20of%20title%205
• https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/456.47#:~:text=,services%20within%20the%20applicable%20scope
• https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/professionals/narcotic/prescription_monitoring/#:~:text=Effective%20August%2027%2C%202013%2C%20most,to%20view%20dispensed%20controlled%20substance
• https://www.bon.texas.gov/faqpracticeaprn.asp.html#:~:text=may%20prescribe%20Schedule%20II%20drugs%3F,care%20from%20a%20qualified%20hospice
• https://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?Appmode=DisplayStatute&Search_String=&URL=0400-0499%2F0464%2FSections%2F0464.012.html#:~:text=893.03%20to%20a%207,formulary%20which%20it%20finds%20is
• https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/456.47#:~:text=,is%20prescribed%20for%20the%20following
• https://www.cchpca.org/topic/online-prescribing/#:~:text=Additionally%2C%20the%20rule%20shall%20state,addiction%20medicine%2C%20or%20palliative%20care
• https://www.cchpca.org/topic/online-prescribing/#:~:text=The%20Attorney%20General%20may%20issue,application%20for%20such%20special%20registration%E2%80%94