PMHNP Scope of Practice for Anxiety in Texas

You’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP looking at the telehealth model — probably wondering if you can actually prescribe anxiety medications remotely, or if you’re about to walk into a regulatory minefield. Fair question. Between DEA rules that keep changing, state-by-state prescribing laws, and the difference between what psychiatrists versus NPs can do, it’s a legitimate maze.

Here’s what you actually need to know to stay compliant while treating anxiety patients via telehealth in 2026.

The Short Answer: Yes, But It’s Complicated

As of 2026, you can prescribe anxiety medications — including controlled substances like benzodiazepines — via telehealth without an initial in-person visit. The DEA extended COVID-era prescribing flexibilities through December 31, 2025, and they’re still in effect as we enter 2026. That means you can evaluate a new patient over video and prescribe Xanax, Klonopin, SSRIs, whatever’s clinically appropriate, all from a telehealth encounter.

But — and this is where it gets real — this is temporary federal policy, not permanent law. The Ryan Haight Act normally requires an in-person exam before prescribing controlled substances ‘by means of the Internet.’ The DEA has postponed finalizing new telemedicine rules after 38,000+ public comments pushed back on their 2023 proposal to reinstate in-person requirements. They’re working on a ‘new path forward,’ but nobody knows exactly what that looks like yet.

Translation: You can practice now under current rules, but you need to stay alert for DEA announcements in 2026. And beyond federal law, every state has its own telehealth prescribing rules you must follow.

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Federal DEA Rules: What’s Actually Allowed Right Now

The federal landscape is driven by the Ryan Haight Act (21 U.S.C. §829(e)), which was enacted to prevent illegal online pharmacies from prescribing controlled substances without proper medical oversight. Pre-COVID, this meant a psychiatrist generally needed at least one in-person visit with a patient before prescribing any controlled medication via telemedicine.

The COVID Exception (Still Active): When the public health emergency hit in 2020, DEA and HHS invoked an exception allowing controlled substance prescribing via telehealth without in-person exams. They’ve extended this three times now — most recently through the end of 2025, and it’s remained in effect into 2026 as the agency works on permanent regulations.

What this means for anxiety treatment: Most first-line anxiety medications aren’t controlled — SSRIs, SNRIs, buspirone, hydroxyzine, beta-blockers. You can prescribe those via telehealth just like you would in person, no special restrictions. The regulatory complexity is with benzodiazepines (Schedule IV controlled substances) like alprazolam, lorazepam, clonazepam. Under current temporary rules, you can initiate benzos after a telehealth evaluation. Prior to 2020, that would’ve been illegal without an in-person visit first.

Compliance requirements under current policy:

• You must hold an active DEA registration in your state of practice
• The prescription must be for a legitimate medical purpose within your usual scope of practice
• You should conduct a proper telehealth exam (typically live video for new patients)
• Document the encounter thoroughly, noting it was conducted via telemedicine
• Follow state PDMP (Prescription Drug Monitoring Program) requirements

What could change: The DEA’s 2023 proposed rule would have required an in-person exam for ongoing controlled substance prescribing (with a limited 30-day telehealth allowance initially). They shelved that proposal after massive pushback from mental health providers and patients, but some version of a hybrid requirement might emerge. Best-case scenario: DEA introduces the ‘special telemedicine registration’ that was authorized in the Ryan Haight Act but never implemented, allowing qualified providers to prescribe controlled substances via telehealth indefinitely. Worst-case: They reinstate strict in-person requirements and telehealth anxiety treatment becomes significantly more complicated.

Bottom line: Treat current flexibilities as a gift, not a guarantee. Build your practice knowing regulations might shift. Some providers are already planning contingencies — affiliate clinic relationships for in-person visits, or pivoting to non-controlled first-line treatments where possible.

Psychiatrists vs. PMHNPs: Scope and Authority Differences

Psychiatrists (MD/DO)

Your scope is straightforward: As a licensed physician, you have full independent practice authority in every state. You can diagnose and treat any anxiety disorder, prescribe any medication (including Schedule II–V controlled substances), and provide psychotherapy if you choose. No supervision required, no formulary restrictions, no scope limitations.

Key regulatory considerations:

• Multi-state licensure: You must be licensed in every state where your patients are located. Texas, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Florida participate in the Interstate Medical Licensure Compact (IMLC), which can streamline getting additional licenses. California and New York are NOT in the IMLC — you have to go through their full individual licensing process.
• PDMP requirements: Almost every state mandates checking the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program before prescribing controlled substances. New York requires it before EVERY Schedule II–IV prescription. Florida and Pennsylvania require it before each new controlled substance prescription and periodically (every 90 days in Florida) for ongoing therapy. This includes benzodiazepines.
• E-prescribing mandates: Most states now require electronic prescribing for controlled substances. New York and California mandate e-prescribing for ALL medications. Your telehealth platform should provide DEA-compliant EPCS (Electronic Prescribing of Controlled Substances) capability with two-factor authentication.

Economic reality for psychiatrists: You’re in high demand. The provider shortage in psychiatry is severe, and platforms like Klarity compete for your time. You don’t need to spend $3,000–5,000/month gambling on Google Ads or SEO that won’t produce results for 6–12 months. A pay-per-appointment model means you only pay when you see qualified patients who actually show up. No upfront marketing spend, no wasted ad budget on clicks that don’t convert, no risk. You control your schedule and pay a standard listing fee per new patient — that’s guaranteed ROI versus the uncertainty of DIY marketing where most solo providers lack the expertise and patience to succeed.

PMHNPs (Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners)

Your scope is broad but state-dependent. You can assess, diagnose, and treat anxiety disorders in all states. You can prescribe both controlled and non-controlled medications for anxiety. But the level of physician oversight required and your ability to prescribe certain controlled substances varies dramatically by state.

Practice Authority — The Big State Differences:

Full Practice States (for experienced NPs):

• Illinois: NPs with 4,000+ hours of clinical experience can apply for Full Practice Authority. Once granted, you can practice independently, including prescribing controlled substances (with some consultation requirements for Schedule II narcotics in the first 5 years).
• New York: After 3,600 hours of practice under a collaborative agreement, you gain full practice authority — no physician collaboration required. You can open your own practice or work for a telehealth platform without a supervising physician.
• California: AB 890 created a pathway to NP independence. As of 2023, experienced NPs can practice without physician supervision in certain settings. By January 2026, qualified NPs can apply for full independence across all settings. This means a California PMHNP who meets the criteria will soon be able to evaluate and treat anxiety patients via telehealth independently, including prescribing anxiety medications.

Restricted Practice States:

• Texas: You MUST have a Prescriptive Authority Agreement (PAA) with a physician. And here’s the kicker: Texas law prohibits NPs from prescribing Schedule II controlled substances in outpatient settings except in hospitals, emergency departments, or hospice/palliative care. Fortunately for anxiety treatment, most common meds are Schedule IV (benzos), not Schedule II. But if you’re treating comorbid ADHD with stimulants, the physician must write those prescriptions.
• Florida: You need a supervisory protocol with a physician (typically a psychiatrist). Florida’s 2020 NP independence law excluded psychiatric specialists — it only applied to primary care. Additionally, Florida restricts NP Schedule II prescribing to 7-day supplies UNLESS you’re a certified ‘psychiatric nurse’ treating mental illness — that carve-out allows psychiatric NPs more leeway for psychiatric medications.
• Pennsylvania: Requires a collaborative agreement with a physician. You can prescribe Schedule II for up to 30 days and Schedule III–IV for up to 90 days per prescription, but the collaborating physician must approve this in your agreement. For anxiety treatment with benzodiazepines (Schedule IV), you can write 90-day supplies in Pennsylvania under your collaborative agreement.

Prescribing Controlled Substances — NP-Specific Limits:

All PMHNPs with DEA registration can prescribe non-controlled anxiety medications (SSRIs, SNRIs, buspirone) in any state. The controlled substance piece is where it gets tricky:

• Schedule IV benzodiazepines: Generally permitted for NPs nationwide, but:

• In restricted-practice states, your collaborative agreement must explicitly include authority to prescribe them

• You must follow all the same PDMP and e-prescribing rules as physicians

• Some states have quantity limits per prescription (e.g., Pennsylvania’s 90-day max for Schedule III–IV)

• Schedule II (if treating comorbid ADHD): Many states either prohibit NP Schedule II prescribing or severely limit it. Texas essentially bans it outside hospital settings. Florida limits it to 7 days unless you’re a psychiatric nurse treating mental illness. Illinois and New York allow it under full practice authority, but Illinois requires physician consultation availability for Schedule II narcotics.

Why this matters for telehealth: Platforms like Klarity need to ensure state-specific compliance infrastructure. In Texas, Florida, or Pennsylvania, they’ll arrange physician collaborators so PMHNPs can prescribe legally. In New York or Illinois (for experienced NPs), you might practice completely independently. This regulatory variation is why telehealth companies value working with both psychiatrists and NPs — you can deploy NPs where the regulatory environment is favorable and fill gaps with psychiatrists where NP scope is restricted.

The economics for PMHNPs: You face the same marketing problem as psychiatrists if you go solo — expensive patient acquisition, long SEO timelines, unpredictable ad results. The advantage of a platform approach is that you get pre-qualified patients matched to your specialty and availability, with the platform handling all the marketing spend and risk. You pay per booked appointment, not per ad click that goes nowhere. And the compliance infrastructure (collaborative agreements in restricted states, PDMP integration, e-prescribing systems) is already built in.

State-by-State Telehealth Prescribing Rules for Anxiety Treatment

Here’s what you need to know for the six largest states by population and telehealth volume:

California

The good news: No state-mandated in-person exam requirement. California law explicitly allows the prior examination for prescribing to be conducted via telehealth, even using asynchronous methods if clinically appropriate. This means you can establish a patient relationship and prescribe anxiety medications in a single video visit.

Controlled substances: No state restrictions beyond federal law. California doesn’t prohibit tele-prescribing of controlled drugs.

PDMP (CURES): You MUST check the California PDMP database for Schedule II–IV medications at least once every 4 months for ongoing prescriptions, and within 24 hours of initially prescribing.

E-prescribing: Mandatory for all prescriptions as of 2022.

Licensing: You must hold a California medical or nursing license. California is NOT in the IMLC or Nurse Licensure Compact for APRNs — you need to go through California’s individual licensing process. This can take 3–6 months for physicians, longer if there are any complications.

NP independence timeline: AB 890 is phasing in NP autonomy. By January 2026, experienced NPs can apply for full independence (Category 104 license), meaning they’ll be able to practice telehealth for anxiety without physician oversight.

Texas

Telehealth requirements: You must establish the physician-patient relationship through synchronous audiovisual interaction for new patients. Phone-only won’t cut it for initial evaluations.

Controlled substance prescribing: Allowed via telemedicine EXCEPT for chronic pain management with Schedule II drugs. Since anxiety treatment isn’t chronic pain management, you’re fine prescribing benzodiazepines for panic disorder or GAD via telehealth.

PDMP: Mandatory check before prescribing opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or carisoprodol. This requirement went into effect in 2019.

NP restrictions: APRNs in Texas CANNOT prescribe Schedule II controlled substances in outpatient settings (only in hospitals, ERs, or hospice). They need a Prescriptive Authority Agreement with a physician for all prescribing. If you’re a PMHNP treating anxiety with benzodiazepines, you’re fine — those are Schedule IV. But if you need to prescribe stimulants for comorbid ADHD, the supervising physician must do it.

Licensing: Texas is in the IMLC, making multi-state physician licensing easier. NPs need a Texas APRN license.

Florida

The unique rule: Florida explicitly BANS telehealth prescribing of Schedule II controlled substances, with four exceptions: (1) treatment of a psychiatric disorder, (2) inpatient hospital care, (3) hospice care, or (4) nursing home residents. This psychiatric carve-out means Florida psychiatrists and psychiatric NPs CAN prescribe Schedule II medications (like stimulants) via telehealth if it’s for a mental health condition.

Consent requirement: You must obtain documented patient consent for telehealth treatment.

PDMP (E-FORCSE): Required before prescribing ANY controlled substance (Schedule II–V) and at least every 90 days for ongoing therapy.

E-prescribing: Mandatory for controlled substances.

Out-of-state provision: Florida offers a special telehealth provider registration for out-of-state clinicians. If you’re licensed in another state, you can register to provide telehealth to Florida patients without obtaining a full Florida license. This is relatively rare nationwide and increases access.

NP scope: Florida PMHNPs must have a physician supervisory protocol. NP prescribing of Schedule II is limited to 7-day supplies UNLESS you’re a certified psychiatric nurse treating mental illness — then that restriction doesn’t apply.

New York

Telehealth-friendly: No state-mandated in-person exam. You can establish a patient relationship and prescribe via telehealth as long as it meets the standard of care.

I-STOP (PDMP): This is where New York is STRICT. You must check the state PMP registry before prescribing ANY Schedule II, III, or IV controlled substance. That means every benzodiazepine prescription requires a PDMP check — before initial prescribing and for every subsequent prescription. This has been law since 2013 and is actively enforced.

E-prescribing: Mandatory for all medications since 2016. Very few exceptions.

NP independence: After 3,600 hours of practice (under collaborative agreement), NPs gain full practice authority. Experienced PMHNPs in New York can practice telehealth completely independently — no physician oversight needed.

Licensing: New York is NOT in the IMLC. Out-of-state psychiatrists must obtain a full New York medical license to practice there, which can be a lengthy process.

Pennsylvania

Telehealth approach: No comprehensive telehealth statute until the insurance parity law in 2024, but state medical and nursing boards have long permitted telemedicine if the standard of care is met. No state-imposed in-person exam requirement, but real-time audiovisual is recommended for initial evaluations.

PDMP: Pennsylvania is STRICT on benzodiazepines specifically. You must check the PA PDMP before the initial prescription of any opioid or benzodiazepine AND for each subsequent prescription. The state added benzos to this requirement explicitly due to overdose concerns and their interaction with opioids.

E-prescribing: Mandatory for controlled substances since 2019 (with limited exceptions).

NP practice: Collaborative agreement with physician required. Pennsylvania has not yet passed NP independence legislation despite multiple proposals. NP prescriptive authority limits: Schedule II up to 30-day supply, Schedule III–IV up to 90-day supply. Benzodiazepines for anxiety fall into Schedule IV, so a PA PMHNP can prescribe 90-day supplies under their collaborative agreement.

Licensing: Pennsylvania is in the IMLC for physicians (joined 2017), making multi-state licensing more accessible. Joined the Nurse Licensure Compact in 2022 for RNs, but APRNs still need Pennsylvania-specific licensure.

Illinois

Full practice authority for experienced NPs: Illinois allows APRNs with 4,000+ hours of clinical experience to apply for Full Practice Authority. Once granted, PMHNPs can practice independently, including prescribing controlled substances. There’s a consultation relationship requirement with a physician for Schedule II narcotics during the first 5 years of FPA, but for benzodiazepines (Schedule IV) and other anxiety meds, you’re fully independent.

Telehealth flexibility: No in-person exam requirement. Illinois law explicitly permits mental health services via telehealth, including audio-only if video isn’t available (though video is always preferred for initial evaluations and meets a higher standard of care).

Controlled substance license: Illinois requires a separate state controlled substance license (from IDFPR) in addition to your DEA registration to prescribe any controlled drug.

PDMP: Required to consult Illinois PMP for Schedule II prescriptions. Strongly encouraged (and typically done) for all controlled substances including benzodiazepines.

Licensing: Illinois is in the IMLC for physicians (joined 2018) and the Nurse Licensure Compact for RNs (joined 2022). APRN licensure is state-specific.

What This Means for Your Practice

If you’re a psychiatrist: You have the simplest regulatory path. Your biggest hurdle is multi-state licensing if you want to treat patients across state lines. Once licensed in a state, you can treat anxiety patients via telehealth using the full scope of your prescribing authority — SSRIs, SNRIs, benzodiazepines, whatever’s clinically indicated. You’ll need to build PDMP checks and e-prescribing into your workflow, but those are manageable administrative tasks.

The real question is how you acquire patients. Going solo means spending months building SEO, thousands on Google Ads with no guarantee of ROI, and countless hours on administrative work. Or you join a platform that delivers pre-qualified patients directly to your schedule and handles the marketing spend entirely. You pay per booked appointment — actual patients you treat — not per website visitor or ad click. That’s the economic case for platforms like Klarity: guaranteed patient flow without the risk and complexity of DIY marketing.

If you’re a PMHNP: Your regulatory environment is more complex and state-dependent. If you’re practicing in a full-practice state (Illinois, New York after 3,600 hours, California by 2026), your scope approaches that of a psychiatrist for anxiety treatment. If you’re in a restricted state (Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania), you’ll need physician collaboration or supervision, and you may face limits on prescribing certain controlled substances.

The advantage of a telehealth platform in restricted states is that the infrastructure is already built — collaborative agreements with supervising physicians, compliance protocols for each state’s specific rules, integrated PDMP systems. You don’t have to negotiate individual agreements or worry about whether you’re meeting regulatory requirements. You treat patients; the platform handles compliance scaffolding.

For both provider types: Stay alert for DEA regulatory changes in 2026. When the final telemedicine prescribing rule drops, you’ll need to adapt quickly. That might mean arranging options for in-person exams, adjusting your treatment protocols to favor non-controlled medications, or preparing to use whatever ‘special telemedicine registration’ the DEA eventually creates.

The Real Economics: Why Patient Acquisition Cost Matters

Let’s talk money. If you’re considering solo practice or comparing platforms, you need to understand what patient acquisition actually costs.

DIY marketing reality:

• SEO takes 6–12 months of consistent investment before generating meaningful patient flow. You need expert help (agencies charge $2,000–5,000+/month), quality content, technical optimization, and patience. Most solo providers don’t have the expertise to do this effectively themselves.
• Google Ads for mental health keywords cost $15–40+ per click. Most clicks don’t convert to booked patients. By the time you factor in ad spend, testing and optimization costs, no-shows from cold leads, and failed campaigns, you’re typically spending $200–400+ per actually booked patient — and that’s if you know what you’re doing.
• Directory listings (Psychology Today, Zocdoc) charge monthly subscription fees AND you compete with hundreds of other providers on the same platform. Zocdoc charges per booking ($35–100+ per appointment) plus subscription costs that add up.

When you add up agency fees, ad spend, staff time to handle leads, testing that doesn’t work, and months waiting for SEO results, the total cost of acquiring a qualified psychiatric patient through DIY marketing is typically $200–500+ when you factor in ALL costs. And that’s only after you’ve spent months building infrastructure and learning what works.

Platform economics: A pay-per-appointment model removes all that risk and complexity. You pay a standard listing fee per new patient lead — only when a qualified patient actually books with you. No upfront marketing spend. No monthly subscriptions hoping patients will find you. No wasted budget on ads that don’t convert. The platform handles patient acquisition, pre-qualification, matching to your specialty and availability, and delivers scheduled appointments to you.

The business case: Would you rather spend $3,000–5,000/month on marketing with uncertain results and 6+ months before meaningful patient flow, or pay only when patients actually book appointments with you? For most providers — especially those starting out, scaling up, or simply wanting to focus on clinical work rather than marketing — the platform model offers guaranteed ROI versus gambling on marketing channels you may not have the expertise or patience to master.

Joining Klarity: What You Actually Get

If you’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP looking to build or expand your anxiety treatment practice via telehealth, here’s what working with a platform like Klarity means in practice:

Patient flow without the marketing gamble: Pre-qualified patients matched to your specialty and availability. No spending thousands testing Google Ads. No waiting months for SEO. You see patients, you get paid.

State-specific compliance infrastructure: Multi-state licensing support, collaborative agreements for NPs in restricted states, integrated PDMP systems, DEA-compliant e-prescribing platforms. The regulatory scaffolding is already built.

Schedule control: You decide when you’re available. You only pay when patients book. No monthly subscriptions, no minimum commitments.

Both insurance and cash-pay patient flow: Access to patients with insurance coverage (addressing the affordability barrier many face) and cash-pay patients for those who prefer it.

Built-in telehealth technology: No need to purchase or maintain separate video conferencing platforms, e-prescribing systems, or EHR infrastructure.

The bottom line: you can spend months building a solo practice infrastructure, gambling on expensive marketing, and hoping patients find you — or you can start treating patients immediately through a platform that’s already solved the patient acquisition and compliance problems.

Ready to explore a smarter way to grow your anxiety treatment practice? Learn more about joining Klarity’s provider network.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I prescribe benzodiazepines via telehealth in 2026?

Yes, under current DEA policy (extended through 2025 and continuing into 2026), you can prescribe benzodiazepines after a telehealth evaluation without an initial in-person visit. This applies to both psychiatrists and PMHNPs (within their state scope). You must follow standard protocols: conduct an appropriate telehealth exam (typically live video), check your state’s PDMP as required, use e-prescribing, and document the encounter. Be aware this is temporary federal policy — DEA is working on permanent telemedicine regulations that may change in 2026.

Do I need a separate license for each state where my patients are located?

Yes. You must be licensed in the state where the patient is physically located at the time of the telehealth encounter, not where you’re sitting. This is true for both physicians and nurse practitioners. Some states participate in licensure compacts (IMLC for physicians, Nurse Licensure Compact for RNs) that can streamline the process. Florida uniquely offers an out-of-state telehealth provider registration that allows practice without a full Florida license. But generally, expect to need individual state licenses for multi-state telehealth practice.

What’s the difference between psychiatrist and PMHNP scope for anxiety treatment?

Psychiatrists (MD/DO) have full independent practice authority in all states with no formulary restrictions or supervision requirements. PMHNPs can diagnose and treat anxiety and prescribe medications in every state, but face state-dependent restrictions: some states require physician collaboration/supervision, and many states limit NP prescribing of Schedule II controlled substances. For typical anxiety treatment with benzodiazepines (Schedule IV) and SSRIs, PMHNPs have broad authority nationwide, but the level of physician oversight required varies. States like Illinois, New York (for experienced NPs), and soon California allow full independent NP practice. States like Texas, Florida, and Pennsylvania require collaborative agreements.

What happens if DEA changes the telemedicine rules in 2026?

The DEA is expected to finalize permanent telemedicine prescribing regulations in 2026. Possibilities include: (1) maintaining current flexibilities with some structure, (2) creating the ‘special telemedicine registration’ authorized by the Ryan Haight Act that would allow qualified providers to prescribe controlled substances remotely, or (3) reinstating in-person exam requirements with limited exceptions. If in-person requirements return, providers will need to arrange hybrid models — affiliate clinics for initial evaluations, or shifting toward non-controlled first-line anxiety treatments where possible. Platforms like Klarity would adapt their infrastructure to maintain compliance under whatever rules emerge. The key is staying informed and having contingency plans.

How much does it really cost to acquire patients on my own vs. using a platform?

DIY patient acquisition for psychiatric services realistically costs $200–500+ per booked patient when you factor in ALL expenses: SEO agency fees ($2,000–5,000/month for 6–12 months before results), Google Ads spend and testing ($15–40+ per click, most don’t convert), directory subscriptions and per-booking fees, staff time to qualify leads, no-shows from cold leads, and failed marketing experiments. Most solo providers underestimate these costs because they don’t account for their own time, the testing phase, or the 6–12 month lag before SEO generates patients. A platform’s pay-per-appointment model means you pay only when qualified patients actually book — no upfront spend, no monthly subscriptions, no risk. That’s guaranteed ROI vs. gambling thousands on marketing channels you may not have expertise in.

Which states are easiest for PMHNPs to practice telehealth independently?

Illinois (for NPs with Full Practice Authority after 4,000 hours), New York (for NPs with 3,600+ hours of experience), and soon California (by 2026 under AB 890) offer the most autonomy for PMHNPs. In these states, experienced psychiatric NPs can practice telehealth for anxiety completely independently — diagnosing, prescribing (including controlled substances within reasonable scope), and managing treatment without physician oversight. Other states with relatively permissive NP laws include Arizona, Montana, Oregon, and Washington (not covered in detail here but worth noting for multi-state practice). Conversely, Texas, Florida, and Pennsylvania are more restrictive, requiring physician collaboration or supervision agreements.

Sources & References

1. DEA & HHS Telemedicine Extension Announcement (November 15, 2024) – https://www.dea.gov/documents/2024/2024-11/2024-11-15/dea-and-hhs-extend-telemedicine-flexibilities-through-2025

2. 21 U.S.C. § 829(e) and § 802(54) (Ryan Haight Act provisions) – https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/829

3. Center for Connected Health Policy – State Telehealth Policies for Online Prescribing (Updated January 9, 2026) – https://www.cchpca.org/topic/online-prescribing/

4. Florida Statutes – F.S. 456.47 (Telehealth Services) and F.S. 464.012 (APRN Controlled Substance Prescribing) – http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/

5. Texas Board of Nursing – APRN Prescriptive Authority FAQ (Updated December 9, 2025) – https://www.bon.texas.gov/faqpracticeaprn.asp.html

Source:

• https://www.dea.gov/documents/2024/2024-11/2024-11-15/dea-and-hhs-extend-telemedicine-flexibilities-through-2025#:~:text=forward%20for%20telemedicine%2C%20DEA%20and,through%20the%20end%20of%202024
• https://www.cchpca.org/topic/online-prescribing/#:~:text=Controlled%20Substance%20Act
• https://www.cchpca.org/topic/online-prescribing/#:~:text=Note%20that%20the%20practice%20of,chapter%205%20of%20title%205
• https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/456.47#:~:text=,services%20within%20the%20applicable%20scope
• https://healthweb-back.health.ny.gov/professionals/narcotic/prescription_monitoring/#:~:text=Effective%20August%2027%2C%202013%2C%20most,to%20view%20dispensed%20controlled%20substance
• https://www.bon.texas.gov/faqpracticeaprn.asp.html#:~:text=may%20prescribe%20Schedule%20II%20drugs%3F,care%20from%20a%20qualified%20hospice
• https://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?Appmode=DisplayStatute&Search_String=&URL=0400-0499%2F0464%2FSections%2F0464.012.html#:~:text=893.03%20to%20a%207,formulary%20which%20it%20finds%20is
• https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/456.47#:~:text=,is%20prescribed%20for%20the%20following
• https://www.cchpca.org/topic/online-prescribing/#:~:text=Additionally%2C%20the%20rule%20shall%20state,addiction%20medicine%2C%20or%20palliative%20care
• https://www.cchpca.org/topic/online-prescribing/#:~:text=The%20Attorney%20General%20may%20issue,application%20for%20such%20special%20registration%E2%80%94