Telehealth Narcolepsy Prescribing: What Psychiatrists Can Do in Illinois

If you’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP considering treating narcolepsy patients via telehealth, you’ve probably already run into the complexity: state-specific prescribing rules, DEA controlled substance regulations, insurance prior authorizations, and the clinical challenge of managing a rare neurological disorder remotely.

Let’s cut through the noise. Narcolepsy treatment is largely about medication management—specifically stimulants and wakefulness-promoting agents—which means you’re navigating Schedule II prescribing in a telehealth context. This guide breaks down exactly what psychiatrists and PMHNPs can do, state-by-state scope differences, and the practical realities of building a narcolepsy practice online.

Why Narcolepsy Matters for Telehealth Providers

Narcolepsy affects approximately 1 in 2,000 Americans—roughly 160,000 people nationwide. Most struggle to find providers who understand the condition and can prescribe the necessary controlled substances. Sleep specialists have long waitlists, and many primary care doctors hesitate to manage Schedule II stimulants long-term.

That’s where you come in. Psychiatrists and experienced PMHNPs are uniquely positioned to fill this gap. You’re already comfortable prescribing stimulants for ADHD, managing medication side effects, and navigating controlled substance regulations. Narcolepsy management follows similar patterns: regular medication checks, dose optimization, side effect monitoring, and patient education—all of which translate perfectly to telehealth.

The business case is straightforward: narcolepsy patients need monthly medication management visits (driven by Schedule II prescribing limits), they’re underserved in most states, and telehealth removes geographic barriers that prevent them from accessing specialists. With proper compliance structures in place, this represents a stable, high-need patient population.

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Federal Telehealth Prescribing Rules: The Current Landscape

Here’s where we stand in 2026: The DEA and HHS extended the COVID-era flexibility allowing providers to prescribe Schedule II-V controlled substances via telehealth through December 31, 2025, without requiring an initial in-person examination. This means you can currently initiate Adderall, methylphenidate, or other stimulants for narcolepsy patients through a video visit alone.

What happens after 2025? The DEA has proposed new telemedicine registration rules but hasn’t finalized them. Best case: the flexibility becomes permanent with some guardrails (like requiring video vs. audio-only). Worst case: we return to the pre-pandemic Ryan Haight Act requirement of at least one in-person visit before prescribing any Schedule II medication.

Practical strategy for 2026: Continue leveraging telehealth for new narcolepsy patients while preparing contingency plans. This might mean:

• Building partnerships with local physicians who can conduct initial in-person exams if needed
• Using lower-schedule alternatives (modafinil is Schedule IV) for initial management
• Staying current on state medical board guidance as federal rules evolve

The key: all prescribing must occur through DEA-compliant electronic prescribing (EPCS) systems. Paper prescriptions for Schedule II drugs are essentially obsolete, and telehealth platforms must provide integrated e-prescribing that meets DEA authentication standards.

What Psychiatrists Can Do: Full Prescriptive Authority

As a board-certified psychiatrist (MD or DO), your scope is straightforward: you can diagnose narcolepsy, prescribe all FDA-approved narcolepsy medications, and manage treatment entirely via telehealth—provided you’re licensed in the patient’s state and follow that state’s telehealth laws.

Your Clinical Authority Includes:

All narcolepsy medications:

• Schedule II stimulants: amphetamine salts (Adderall), methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), dextroamphetamine
• Schedule IV wakefulness agents: modafinil (Provigil), armodafinil (Nuvigil)
• Newer agents: solriamfetol (Sunosi), pitolisant (Wakix)
• Sodium oxybate (Xyrem/Xywav) for cataplexy—though this requires REMS program enrollment
• Adjunct medications: SSRIs or SNRIs for cataplexy, occasional use of sedatives for nighttime sleep

Diagnostic evaluation and care coordination:

• Taking comprehensive sleep history and ruling out differential diagnoses
• Reviewing sleep study results (polysomnography and MSLT) from sleep specialists
• Coordinating with neurology or sleep medicine for complex cases
• Managing comorbid psychiatric conditions (depression and anxiety are common in narcolepsy patients)

No state imposes physician-specific prescribing restrictions for narcolepsy beyond federal controlled substance rules. The primary variable is state telehealth law—some states have nuances we’ll cover in the next section.

Telehealth Workflow for Psychiatrists

A typical narcolepsy management practice includes:

1. Initial evaluation (30-45 min): Verify diagnosis (request sleep study documentation), review medical history, assess current symptoms using validated scales like the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, discuss treatment options, obtain informed consent
2. Medication initiation: Start with evidence-based first-line therapy (often modafinil or a stimulant), e-prescribe through EPCS system, check state PDMP database
3. Monthly follow-ups (15-20 min): Review efficacy (sleep attacks, work function), screen for side effects (BP, heart rate, mood changes), adjust dose as needed, refill medication
4. Quarterly comprehensive reviews: More detailed assessment, consider whether alternative medications are needed, update treatment plan documentation

Billing: Most visits code as 99213 or 99214 for established patient E/M services. With telehealth parity laws in most states, reimbursement matches in-person rates. Medicare and most commercial payers cover tele-psychiatry without restrictions (as of 2026). Expected reimbursement: $80-130 per follow-up visit depending on complexity and payer mix.

Economics: Monthly visits mean predictable revenue per patient. A panel of 20 stable narcolepsy patients generates roughly $1,500-2,000/month in reimbursement with minimal overhead (12-15 min visits, mostly medication-focused). This complements your general psychiatry practice and serves an underserved population.

PMHNP Prescribing Authority: State-by-State Reality Check

This is where it gets complicated. Nurse practitioners’ authority to prescribe narcolepsy medications varies dramatically by state, from nearly full parity with MDs to significant restrictions that make independent practice impossible.

Full Practice States (After Experience Requirements)

California:Under AB 890, NPs can achieve independent practice authority after working 4,600 hours (3+ years) in a physician-supervised setting. As of January 2026, experienced PMHNPs can become ‘104 NPs’ with completely independent prescribing authority for all controlled substances, including Schedule II stimulants for narcolepsy.

Before reaching independence: CA NPs must operate under physician-approved ‘standardized procedures’ and typically need patient-specific protocols for Schedule II prescribing. Additional pharmacology coursework is required for Schedule II authority.

Illinois:Full practice authority (FPA) available after 4,000 hours of collaborative practice plus 250 hours of pharmacology CE. FPA-certified PMHNPs can independently prescribe Schedule II-V controlled substances.

Critical caveat: Illinois requires FPA NPs to maintain a physician ‘consultation relationship’ when prescribing Schedule II narcotic drugs (opioids) with monthly documentation. However, stimulants are not included in this requirement—you can prescribe Adderall or methylphenidate for narcolepsy without mandated physician consultation. (Benzodiazepines >120 days also require physician consult, but that rarely applies to narcolepsy management.)

New York:After 3,600 hours (roughly 2 years) of practice under a collaborative agreement, PMHNPs can practice and prescribe completely independently—no written physician agreement or oversight required. This became permanent law in 2022.

For newer NPs: You’ll need a collaborative practice agreement with a physician that explicitly covers controlled substance prescribing, but you have the same prescriptive authority as physicians within your scope once that agreement is in place.

Restricted Practice States

Texas:This is the toughest environment for NPs treating narcolepsy. Texas mandates a Prescriptive Authority Agreement (PAA) with a supervising physician for all prescribing, and here’s the killer: NPs cannot prescribe Schedule II drugs for outpatients except in hospital inpatient settings or hospice care.

What this means: A Texas PMHNP cannot independently prescribe Adderall, Ritalin, or other Schedule II stimulants for a narcolepsy patient in routine telehealth practice. Your supervising physician would need to write those prescriptions, or you’d need to use Schedule III-V alternatives (like modafinil, which is Schedule IV and permitted).

Workaround: Many Texas telehealth practices pair NPs with collaborating physicians who handle Schedule II prescriptions while the NP manages the overall care. It’s clunky but necessary given state law.

Florida:Florida requires collaborative agreements for all PMHNPs (psychiatric NPs were excluded from the state’s autonomous practice pathway). Additionally, Florida law limits APRN Schedule II prescriptions to 7-day supplies unless you’re a state-certified ‘psychiatric nurse’ prescribing for a psychiatric disorder.

The gray area: Narcolepsy isn’t a psychiatric disorder, so technically the 7-day limit applies—meaning you’d need to write or e-prescribe four separate scripts to cover one month. Many Florida NPs rely on their collaborating psychiatrist to prescribe ongoing stimulant therapy beyond the 7-day limit.

Telehealth restriction: Florida law also prohibits prescribing Schedule II controlled substances via telehealth except for psychiatric treatment, inpatient care, hospice, or chronic pain management. Since narcolepsy doesn’t fit those exceptions, Florida providers often use modafinil or armodafinil (Schedule IV, which is permitted via telehealth) as first-line therapy instead.

Pennsylvania:Requires written collaborative agreement with a physician. By regulation, PA NPs can prescribe Schedule II drugs for up to 30-day supplies (Schedule III-IV up to 90 days). This aligns well with narcolepsy management best practices (monthly visits), but you cannot operate independently—you need a supervising physician on record.

Practical impact: The 30-day limit isn’t burdensome since monthly follow-ups are standard for stimulant management anyway. The real limitation is the requirement for formal physician collaboration, which adds administrative overhead but doesn’t prevent you from treating narcolepsy patients effectively.

Key Takeaway for PMHNPs

If you’re in a full-practice state with the required experience (CA, IL, NY), you can manage narcolepsy patients nearly identically to psychiatrists. Monthly stimulant prescriptions, telehealth visits, full scope within your specialty—it all works.

If you’re in Texas, Florida, or Pennsylvania, you’ll need physician collaboration or coverage for Schedule II prescriptions. This doesn’t mean you can’t treat narcolepsy patients—it means you need to structure your practice accordingly, potentially using alternative medications or working within a team model where your collaborating psychiatrist handles specific prescriptions.

State Prescribing Requirements: Quick Reference Table

Clinical Management: What Sets Narcolepsy Apart

Managing narcolepsy via telehealth isn’t radically different from ADHD stimulant management, but there are nuances worth understanding:

Diagnosis Confirmation

Unlike depression or anxiety, you typically can’t diagnose narcolepsy without objective sleep testing. Best practice: require documentation of polysomnography with MSLT (Multiple Sleep Latency Test) showing either:

• Mean sleep latency ≤8 minutes with ≥2 sleep-onset REM periods (Type 1 with cataplexy or Type 2)
• Or documented hypocretin deficiency if available

If a patient doesn’t have this documentation, you’ll need to refer them to a sleep specialist for testing before initiating controlled substances. This protects you clinically and legally—narcolepsy is a specific neurological diagnosis, not a symptom cluster you can diagnose via interview alone.

Medication Strategy

First-line agents:

• Modafinil (Schedule IV): 200-400mg daily, generally well-tolerated, lower abuse potential
• Methylphenidate or amphetamine salts (Schedule II): More effective for severe cases, higher doses often needed than ADHD

Considerations:

• Narcolepsy patients often require higher stimulant doses than ADHD patients (e.g., 60mg+ methylphenidate equivalent daily)
• Timing matters: doses upon waking and early afternoon to maintain daytime alertness without disrupting nighttime sleep
• Tolerance can develop—you may need to adjust doses or switch agents periodically
• Side effect monitoring: blood pressure, heart rate, mood changes, appetite, sleep quality

For cataplexy: Sodium oxybate (Xyrem/Xywav) is gold standard but requires REMS enrollment. SSRIs/SNRIs are alternatives.

Insurance and Prior Authorization Hell

This is the biggest operational headache. Most narcolepsy medications require prior authorization:

• Modafinil/armodafinil: Nearly always requires PA; insurers want sleep study documentation and often require failure of a stimulant first (catch-22, since stimulants are Schedule II with more restrictions)
• Newer agents (Sunosi, Wakix): Extensive PA requirements, high cost, often denied initially
• Sodium oxybate: Single centralized pharmacy (REMS program), significant documentation burden

Time investment: Expect 30-60 minutes per patient for initial PA paperwork. This is unpaid administrative work that cuts into your effective hourly rate. Many providers charge administrative fees for complex PAs or limit panel size to manage this burden.

Strategy: For cash-pay or self-insured patients, generic modafinil or generic amphetamine salts are relatively affordable ($50-150/month), making the PA burden optional.

Reimbursement Reality: What You’ll Actually Get Paid

Let’s talk numbers, because this matters for your practice economics:

Commercial insurance (in-network):

• 99213 (15-min follow-up): $80-100
• 99214 (25-min, moderate complexity): $110-140
• Typical narcolepsy management (monthly visits): $960-1,680 per patient annually

Medicare:

• Slightly lower rates than commercial, but telehealth parity extended through at least 2024
• NPs receive 85% of physician fee schedule when billing under their own NPI (~$70-85 for 99213)
• Many narcolepsy patients under 65 qualify for Medicare disability, so this isn’t negligible

Telehealth parity: Most states (CA, NY, IL, FL, PA, TX) have laws mandating equal reimbursement for telehealth vs. in-person services. You’re not losing money by practicing virtually.

The catch: Mental health providers historically receive 22% lower reimbursement than other specialists from private insurers—a parity law compliance issue that persists despite federal mandates. This drives many psychiatrists out-of-network.

For narcolepsy specifically: Billing with a medical diagnosis code (G47.4x for narcolepsy) rather than a psychiatric code may route through the patient’s medical benefit with slightly better reimbursement, though this varies by payer.

Cash-Pay Alternative

Given insurance hassles (low reimbursement + PA burden), many providers offer cash-pay models:

• Monthly medication management: $150-250/visit
• Initial evaluation: $300-400
• Patients pay out-of-pocket but avoid insurance restrictions, get faster access, and you avoid PA paperwork

Is this viable? Narcolepsy patients are often desperate for knowledgeable providers and willing to pay out-of-pocket if it means reliable access to someone who understands their condition. With stimulant shortages and insurance barriers, cash-pay practices are growing.

Platform Support: What Makes This Work in Practice

Here’s the honest truth about DIY marketing for a telehealth narcolepsy practice: acquiring patients through Google Ads, SEO, or directory listings costs $200-500+ per booked patient when you factor in all costs—ad spend, agency fees, wasted clicks, no-shows from unqualified leads, and months of SEO investment before seeing results.

Most solo psychiatrists and PMHNPs don’t have the budget or patience for this. You’re a clinician, not a digital marketer.

The economic case for a platform model: Instead of spending $3,000-5,000/month on marketing with uncertain ROI, you pay only when a qualified patient books with you. That’s guaranteed ROI vs. gambling on marketing channels you don’t control.

What you need from a platform:

• Pre-qualified patients already matched to your specialty and availability
• Built-in telehealth infrastructure (video, e-prescribing, EHR integration)
• Both insurance and cash-pay patient flow
• Compliance support (state licensure tracking, PDMP integration, collaborative agreement templates for states that require them)
• Administrative support for prior authorizations or at least streamlined workflows

You control your schedule—you only see patients when you want, and you’re paid per appointment rather than carrying fixed overhead for marketing and patient acquisition.

This is especially valuable for narcolepsy management: the patient population is small but geographically dispersed. A national platform aggregates demand across states, matching you with patients who need your specific expertise rather than hoping local patients find you.

Compliance Checklist: Don’t Skip This

Telehealth narcolepsy prescribing is legal and ethical if you follow the rules. Here’s your checklist:

Federal Requirements

• ✅ DEA registration and EPCS-enabled e-prescribing system
• ✅ Video visit for controlled substance prescriptions (audio-only typically insufficient)
• ✅ Document that encounter meets standard of care equivalent to in-person
• ✅ Maintain thorough records: diagnosis documentation, sleep study results, informed consent, PDMP checks

State-Specific

• ✅ Licensed in the state where the patient is physically located during the visit
• ✅ Check state PDMP before prescribing (mandatory in almost all states)
• ✅ If you’re an NP: confirm your state allows telehealth controlled substance prescribing within your scope, and maintain required collaborative agreements
• ✅ Follow state quantity limits (e.g., 30-day Schedule II in PA, 7-day in FL unless exempt)
• ✅ Comply with state telehealth-specific rules (e.g., Florida’s Schedule II ban via telehealth for non-psychiatric conditions)

Practice Standards

• ✅ Verify patient identity and location at each visit
• ✅ Obtain telehealth-specific informed consent
• ✅ Use validated symptom scales (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, etc.) to track outcomes
• ✅ Coordinate with sleep specialists or neurologists for complex cases
• ✅ Document medication adherence, side effects, and any red flags for misuse
• ✅ Have protocols for handling emergencies (e.g., severe side effects, suspected diversion)

FAQs: What Providers Actually Ask

Can I prescribe Adderall for narcolepsy via telehealth if I’ve never met the patient in person?

Yes, under current federal rules (extended through December 2025). You must conduct a proper video evaluation, document the diagnosis (usually requiring sleep study proof), check the state PDMP, and ensure you’re licensed in the patient’s state. Some states (like Florida for non-psychiatric conditions) have additional restrictions—confirm your specific state allows it.

What happens after 2025 when the DEA waiver potentially expires?

The DEA may finalize new telemedicine rules or extend the flexibility. Worst case: you’d need to arrange at least one in-person exam (either you travel, the patient travels, or you partner with a local provider). Until the rules are final, continue current practice and build backup plans.

Do I need a collaborating physician as a PMHNP to treat narcolepsy patients?

Depends on your state and experience level. In full-practice states (CA, IL, NY) after meeting experience requirements, no. In restricted states (TX, FL, PA), yes. If you’re in a restricted state, you’ll need a formal collaborative agreement that explicitly covers controlled substance prescribing.

Can I use modafinil instead of stimulants to avoid Schedule II restrictions?

Yes, and many providers do. Modafinil (Schedule IV) is effective for many narcolepsy patients, has lower abuse potential, and avoids some of the regulatory burdens of Schedule II drugs. It’s a smart first-line choice, especially in states with tight Schedule II restrictions for NPs or telehealth.

How do I handle the prior authorization burden?

Set expectations with patients upfront that PA can take 1-2 weeks. Consider charging an administrative fee for complex PAs if you’re cash-pay. If you’re on a platform, leverage any PA support services they offer. For patients who can afford it, generic options paid out-of-pocket bypass the PA nightmare entirely.

What about medication shortages—Adderall has been hard to find since 2022?

This is real and frustrating. The Adderall shortage continues into 2024-2025 due to DEA manufacturing quotas. Have backup options ready: methylphenidate formulations, dexmethylphenidate, or switching to modafinil/armodafinil. Build relationships with multiple pharmacies and be prepared to send prescriptions to different locations. This is where telehealth actually helps—you can quickly e-prescribe to alternative pharmacies without the patient needing to return to your office.

Is narcolepsy management financially sustainable via telehealth?

Yes, if structured properly. Monthly visits create predictable revenue, and the patient population—while small—is underserved and seeks out specialists. Between insurance reimbursement ($80-140 per visit) and cash-pay options ($150-250), you can build a stable income stream. The key is using a platform or system that handles patient acquisition efficiently so you’re not spending thousands on marketing to find a handful of narcolepsy patients.

Bottom Line: The Opportunity for Providers

Narcolepsy patients need you. They’re cycling through primary care doctors who won’t prescribe stimulants long-term, waiting months for sleep specialist appointments, and struggling to function at work or school because their sleep attacks are uncontrolled.

If you’re a psychiatrist, you have the scope and authority to fill this gap immediately—virtually any state, via telehealth, prescribing all necessary medications. The regulatory environment (at least through 2025) supports this, and the patient demand is there.

If you’re an experienced PMHNP in a full-practice state, you have nearly identical authority and can build a narcolepsy practice as independently as any MD. Focus your efforts on states that recognize your scope.

If you’re a newer NP or in a restricted state, you’ll need collaborative support, but you can still provide valuable narcolepsy care as part of a team. Partner with a supervising psychiatrist who handles Schedule II prescriptions while you manage the overall patient relationship and care coordination.

The economics work: monthly visits, stable long-term patients, reimbursement that (with telehealth parity laws) matches in-person rates, and a platform model that removes the patient acquisition risk entirely.

What you need is the right infrastructure—licensing support, compliant e-prescribing, PDMP integration, and access to pre-qualified patients—so you can focus on what you do best: managing medications and helping people reclaim their lives from a disabling sleep disorder.

Sources & References

1. Axios – ‘COVID-era telehealth prescribing extended through end of 2025’ (Nov 18, 2024). Reports DEA/HHS extension of telehealth controlled-substance allowances. www.axios.com

2. Texas Medical Board – FAQ on Schedule II delegation (Accessed 2025). Confirms Texas NP/PA Schedule II prescribing limited to hospital or hospice settings. www.tmb.state.tx.us

3. California Board of Registered Nursing – AB 890 implementation guidance (Updated 2024). Details 103/104 NP independence pathway and timeline. www.rn.ca.gov

4. Florida Statutes § 464.012 (2021 Nurse Practice Act). Specifies 7-day Schedule II limit for APRNs with psychiatric nurse exception. www.flsenate.gov

5. Rivkin Radler LLP – ‘New Law Allows Experienced NPs to Practice Independently in NY’ (Apr 13, 2022). Summarizes NY’s permanent NP independence after 3,600 hours. www.rivkinrounds.com

6. 49 Pa. Code § 21.284 – Pennsylvania Nursing Code prescribing limitations (Current through Oct 31, 2025). Details 30-day Schedule II and 90-day Schedule III-IV supply limits for NPs. www.pacodeandbulletin.gov

7. Illinois Compiled Statutes 225 ILCS 65/65-43 – Nurse Practice Act, Full Practice Authority section (Effective Jan 1, 2018). Outlines FPA requirements and consultation requirements for opioids/benzos. www.ilga.gov

8. KFF Health News (via MedicalXpress) – ‘Patients with narcolepsy face dual nightmare of medication shortages and stigma’ (Jan 3, 2024). Reports narcolepsy prevalence (1 in 2,000) and ongoing Adderall shortage impact. medicalxpress.com

9. Axios San Antonio – ‘Texas ranks last for mental health access’ (Aug 7, 2024). Cites Mental Health America data on Texas workforce shortage. www.axios.com

10. Axios Chicago – ‘Illinois bill aims to raise mental health reimbursement rates’ (Mar 6, 2025). Reports 22% lower reimbursement for mental health providers from private insurers. www.axios.com

11. Clinical Advisor – ‘Is Medicare’s 85% reimbursement rule fair?’ (Feb 10, 2012). Documents Medicare’s 85% fee schedule for NP/PA services. www.clinicaladvisor.com

12. National Law Review – ‘New Florida Law Allows Telemedicine Prescribing of Controlled Substances’ (Apr 7, 2022). Analyzes Florida SB 312 lifting ban on Schedule III-V via telehealth while maintaining Schedule II restrictions. natlawreview.com

13. NYS Education Department – Nurse Practitioner Collaborative Practice FAQ (Feb 2013, with updates). Details NY collaborative agreement requirements for NPs under 3,600 hours. www.op.nysed.gov

14. Psychiatric Services Journal (via Axios, Aug 2023) – Workforce shortage projections. Reports anticipated psychiatrist shortage of 31,000 by 2024. www.axios.com

15. Single Aim Health – ‘Can a California NP Prescribe Controlled Substances?’ (Accessed 2025). Explains CA NP furnishing requirements and Schedule II protocols. www.singleaimhealth.com

16. Single Aim Health – ‘Can an NP Prescribe Schedule 2 in Texas?’ (Accessed 2025). Clarifies Texas NP Schedule II restrictions and exceptions. www.singleaimhealth.com

Source:

• https://www.axios.com/2024/11/18/covid-telehealth-prescribing-extended-adderall#:~:text=The%20Drug%20Enforcement%20Administration%20and,person%20doctor%27s%20visit%20for%20the
• https://natlawreview.com/article/new-florida-law-allows-telemedicine-prescribing-controlled-substances#:~:text=controlled%20substances%20via%20telemedicine%2C%20with,more%20on
• https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ILCS/details?ActID=1312&ActName=Nurse+Practice+Act.&ChapAct=225+ILCS+65%2F&Chapter=&ChapterID=24&MajorTopic=&Print=True&SeqEnd=17850000&SeqStart=16500000#:~:text=,drugs%2C%20such%20as
• https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ILCS/details?ActID=1312&ActName=Nurse+Practice+Act.&ChapAct=225+ILCS+65%2F&Chapter=&ChapterID=24&MajorTopic=&Print=True&SeqEnd=17850000&SeqStart=16500000#:~:text=,require%20a%20physician%20name%3B
• https://www.rivkinrounds.com/2022/04/new-law-allows-experienced-nps-to-practice-independently-in-ny/#:~:text=New%20York%E2%80%99s%202023%20state%20budget%2C,practice%20without%20a%20collaborative%20relationship
• https://www.rn.ca.gov/practice/ab890.shtml#:~:text=%2A%20103%20NP%20,focus%20of%20their%20National%20Certification
• https://www.rn.ca.gov/practice/ab890.shtml#:~:text=Please%20note%2C%20the%20law%20requires,certify%20104%20NPs%20until%202026
• https://www.tmb.state.tx.us/274-who-can-prescribe-schedule-ii-drugs-under-physician-delegation#:~:text=1.%20in%20a%20hospital%20facility,has%20elected%20to%20receive%20hospice
• https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2021/Chapter464/All#:~:text=match%20at%20L1566%20limit%20the,455
• https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=%2Fsecure%2Fpacode%2Fdata%2F049%2Fchapter21%2Fs21.284.html#:~:text=,may%20not%20delegate%20prescriptive%20authority