Psychiatric NP Scope of Practice for General Psychiatry in Illinois

If you’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP considering telehealth, one question probably keeps you up at night: Can I legally prescribe Adderall, benzodiazepines, or other controlled medications to patients I’ve only seen online?

The answer in 2026 is yes—for now—but it’s complicated, and it’s about to change.

Here’s what you need to know to practice telehealth psychiatry legally, protect your license, and prepare for the regulatory shift coming later this year.

The Current Reality: Federal Flexibilities Extended Through 2026

As of February 2026, you can prescribe Schedule II-V controlled substances via telehealth without an initial in-person exam, thanks to temporary federal waivers. The DEA and HHS extended COVID-era telehealth flexibilities through December 31, 2026, allowing psychiatrists and other prescribers to evaluate new patients via video and prescribe stimulants, benzodiazepines, and other controlled medications remotely.

This extension prevents care disruptions while the DEA finalizes permanent rules. But ‘temporary’ is the key word here—these flexibilities will expire, and the new rules will fundamentally change how telepsychiatry works.

What This Means for Your Practice Right Now

You can legally:

• Conduct initial psychiatric evaluations via secure video
• Prescribe ADHD medications (amphetamine salts, methylphenidate) to new patients you’ve never met in person
• Manage anxiety disorders with benzodiazepines via telehealth
• Initiate buprenorphine for opioid use disorder through audio-video (or even audio-only in some cases)
• Continue all controlled substance prescribing for existing patients via telehealth

But you must:

• Use real-time, two-way audio-visual communication for most initial evaluations (phone-only won’t cut it for stimulants or benzos)
• Document thorough psychiatric evaluations that meet the standard of care
• Check your state’s Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) before prescribing
• Follow state-specific rules, which may be stricter than federal law
• E-prescribe controlled substances (required in most states)

The Ryan Haight Act: What Psychiatrists Need to Know

The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008 is the federal law that normally requires at least one in-person medical evaluation before prescribing controlled substances via the internet. It was designed to stop pill mills, not to restrict legitimate telepsychiatry—but its blanket requirement created a barrier to remote mental health care.

The COVID-19 public health emergency suspended this requirement, and those waivers have been repeatedly extended. Currently, the in-person mandate is still waived through December 2026.

Here’s an important nuance: If your patient has ever been seen in person by any qualified provider (not necessarily you), that satisfies the Ryan Haight Act’s in-person requirement permanently for that patient. You can then prescribe controlled medications via telehealth indefinitely, even after the temporary waivers expire.

For brand-new patients who’ve never had an in-person exam, you’re currently operating under the emergency extension—which means you need to prepare for change.

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What’s Coming: DEA’s Proposed Permanent Telehealth Rules

In January 2025, the DEA announced three proposed rules to replace the temporary waivers. These rules attempt to balance patient access with safety concerns—and they’ll directly impact how you practice telepsychiatry.

Proposed Rule 1: Special Telemedicine Registration for Controlled Substances

The DEA wants to create a Special Telemedicine Registration that would allow certain providers to prescribe controlled substances to new patients via telehealth without an in-person exam.

The good news for psychiatrists: You’re explicitly included. Board-certified psychiatrists would be eligible to obtain this special registration for Schedule II substances (stimulants, certain opioids) as well as Schedule III-V medications.

What this means: Once finalized (likely late 2026), you could register with the DEA as an approved telemedicine prescriber and continue evaluating new ADHD patients via video and prescribing Adderall—without requiring an in-person visit.

Other eligible specialties for Schedule II telemedicine prescribing include hospice/palliative care physicians, physicians at long-term care facilities, and pediatricians (for limited indications). For Schedule III-V substances, any qualified prescriber could apply for the special registration.

The trade-off: This registration will likely come with additional requirements:

• Annual reporting to regulators on your telehealth controlled substance prescribing
• Mandatory use of a national PDMP
• Platform registration requirements (telehealth companies would need to register with DEA)
• Potential state-specific location requirements

Proposed Rule 2: Buprenorphine via Telehealth (6-Month Rule)

For opioid use disorder treatment, the DEA proposes allowing clinicians to prescribe buprenorphine via telehealth (including audio-only consults) for up to 6 months before an in-person visit is required.

This is a significant win for addiction psychiatry. It recognizes that requiring an immediate in-person visit creates barriers to treatment for patients with opioid use disorder—a population already facing stigma and access challenges.

After 180 days of treatment, you’d need to see the patient in person or refer them to someone who can, but the initial 6-month window allows you to stabilize patients and build therapeutic rapport before addressing logistical barriers.

Important: The X-waiver requirement was already eliminated in 2023. Any DEA-registered psychiatrist or PMHNP can now prescribe buprenorphine for OUD without a special waiver—but you must complete an 8-hour training on substance use disorder treatment and pain management (required for all DEA registrations or renewals as of June 2023).

Proposed Rule 3: Platform Accountability and National PDMP

For the first time, online telehealth platforms would be required to register with the DEA and participate in a national Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. This is a direct response to high-profile cases of telehealth companies over-prescribing stimulants.

The rule aims to hold platforms accountable if they facilitate inappropriate prescribing, while also creating a unified system for tracking controlled substance prescriptions across state lines.

State Laws: The Wild Card in Telehealth Prescribing

Federal law sets the floor, but state law often determines what you can actually do. Even with DEA approval for telehealth prescribing, you must follow your state’s rules—and they vary wildly.

California: Telehealth-Friendly with Strong Compliance Requirements

California allows telehealth prescribing of controlled substances as long as you meet the standard of care. There’s no state-level requirement for an in-person exam before prescribing via video.

Key compliance requirements:

• CURES PDMP check: Mandatory before first prescribing Schedule II-IV controlled substances, then every 4 months for ongoing treatment
• 100% e-prescribing: Required for all prescriptions since January 2022
• Standard of care: Your telehealth evaluation must be as thorough as an in-person exam

PMHNP scope: California is transitioning to full practice authority for experienced NPs. By 2026, PMHNPs with 3+ years of supervised experience can practice independently—meaning they can run their own telepsychiatry practice without physician oversight.

Texas: Physician-Friendly, NP-Restrictive

Texas recognizes telehealth relationships established via real-time video without an in-person visit, making it physician-friendly for telepsychiatry.

The catch for NPs: Texas law prohibits NPs and PAs from prescribing Schedule II controlled substances outside of hospital or hospice settings. This means a Texas PMHNP cannot prescribe Adderall, Ritalin, or other stimulants for outpatient ADHD patients. Period.

Any telehealth platform serving Texas patients who need stimulants must have a physician (MD/DO) available to write those prescriptions.

Compliance requirements:

• Texas PMP check: Mandatory before prescribing opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or carisoprodol
• No telehealth for chronic pain: Texas prohibits prescribing controlled substances for chronic pain management via telemedicine without an in-person evaluation

Florida: Psychiatric Exception Creates Opportunity

Florida has strict telehealth controlled substance rules—with one major carve-out that works in psychiatrists’ favor.

The rule: Schedule II controlled substances cannot be prescribed via telehealth unless it’s for:

1. Psychiatric disorder treatment
2. Inpatient hospital care
3. Hospice care
4. Nursing home resident care

Since ADHD is a psychiatric disorder, you can prescribe Adderall and other Schedule II stimulants via telehealth to Florida patients for mental health indications. You cannot prescribe Schedule II medications for chronic pain management via telehealth.

Schedule III-V substances (many benzodiazepines, sleep medications) can be prescribed via telehealth without restriction.

Out-of-state providers: Florida allows out-of-state physicians to register as telehealth providers without obtaining a full Florida license—one of the few states with this option. However, you’re still bound by Florida’s prescribing rules.

PMHNP scope: Florida requires psychiatric NPs to practice under physician supervision (no independent practice for psych NPs as of 2026).

Compliance requirements:

• E-FORCSE PDMP check: Required before prescribing any controlled substance to patients age 16+
• Controlled substance prescriber designation: If you prescribe controlled substances, you must identify yourself as such on your Florida Department of Health profile

New York: Progressive NP Laws, Strict PDMP Requirements

New York allows telehealth prescribing without an in-person visit as long as you establish an appropriate patient-provider relationship via video.

Key compliance requirements:

• I-STOP law: You must check the Prescription Monitoring Program before prescribing any Schedule II, III, or IV controlled substance—every single time
• Mandatory e-prescribing: Required for all prescriptions (not just controlled substances) since 2016

PMHNP scope: New York now grants full practice authority to NPs with 3,600+ clinical hours. Experienced PMHNPs can practice independently, including prescribing all controlled substances with DEA registration.

Pennsylvania: Regulatory Gray Zone

Pennsylvania doesn’t have a comprehensive telehealth statute yet, but the medical board allows telehealth practice as long as you meet the standard of care.

Compliance requirements:

• PA PDMP check: Mandatory before prescribing opioids or benzodiazepines
• E-prescribing: Required for Schedule II-V controlled substances (with limited exceptions)

PMHNP scope: Pennsylvania requires collaborative agreements with physicians—NPs need at least one (effectively two for prescriptive authority) physician partners. NPs can prescribe Schedule II for up to 30 days, Schedule III-IV for up to 90 days, with physician collaboration.

Illinois: Full Practice for Experienced NPs, with Caveats

Illinois offers full practice authority to NPs who complete 4,000 clinical hours and additional training (APRN-FPA license).

The quirk: Even with full practice authority, Illinois NPs must have a physician consultation relationship for prescribing benzodiazepines or Schedule II opioids, and can only prescribe 30-day supplies of those medications at a time. It’s unclear if this extends to Schedule II stimulants—the law is somewhat ambiguous.

Compliance requirements:

• Illinois PMP check: Mandatory before prescribing opioids (recommended for all controlled substances)
• E-prescribing: Required for all controlled substances as of January 2023

State-by-State Comparison: What You Need to Know

Psychiatrist vs PMHNP: Understanding Scope Differences

Psychiatrists (MD/DO) enjoy full independent practice authority in all states. You can diagnose, treat, and prescribe any medication within your scope of expertise—including all controlled substances—without supervision or collaborative agreements.

Your primary regulatory hurdles are:

• State medical licensure
• DEA registration in each state where patients are located
• Following federal and state prescribing laws

Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioners (PMHNPs) face a patchwork of state-specific scope-of-practice laws that significantly affect telehealth practice:

Full Practice States (New York, California by 2026, Arizona, etc.): After meeting experience requirements, you can practice independently, including full prescribing authority for controlled substances.

Reduced Practice States (Pennsylvania, Ohio, etc.): You need a collaborative agreement with a physician, but can prescribe most medications under that agreement.

Restricted Practice States (Texas, Florida, etc.): You require physician supervision and face significant limitations. In Texas, you cannot prescribe Schedule II at all for outpatient psychiatric care.

This creates real business implications for telehealth platforms. A platform serving Texas patients needs psychiatrists (not just PMHNPs) to handle ADHD medication management. A platform in New York can utilize experienced PMHNPs independently.

Compliance Checklist: How to Prescribe Controlled Substances Safely via Telehealth

Before the Patient Visit

• ✅ Verify you’re licensed in the state where the patient is physically located
• ✅ Confirm you have a DEA registration for that state
• ✅ Ensure your malpractice insurance covers telehealth in that state
• ✅ Use a HIPAA-compliant telehealth platform with secure audio-video

During the Evaluation

• ✅ Conduct a thorough psychiatric evaluation (chief complaint, psychiatric history, substance use history, mental status exam, risk assessment)
• ✅ Document as thoroughly as you would for an in-person visit
• ✅ Obtain informed consent for telehealth services
• ✅ Verify patient identity and location
• ✅ For controlled substances: assess for risk factors (history of diversion, substance use disorder, doctor-shopping)

Before Prescribing

• ✅ Check your state’s PDMP before initiating controlled substances
• ✅ Review patient’s controlled substance prescription history
• ✅ Document your clinical reasoning for prescribing
• ✅ For Schedule II: consider starting with lowest effective dose and shorter supply (30 days)

After Prescribing

• ✅ E-prescribe (required in most states for controlled substances)
• ✅ Schedule appropriate follow-up (for stimulants or benzos, typically within 30 days)
• ✅ Document prescription in patient’s chart with indication
• ✅ For ongoing treatment: re-check PDMP at required intervals (e.g., every 4 months in California)

Special Considerations for Buprenorphine

• ✅ Complete required 8-hour training on substance use disorder and pain management (one-time DEA requirement)
• ✅ No X-waiver needed as of 2023
• ✅ Can initiate via audio-only telehealth under current rules
• ✅ Plan for in-person visit within 6 months under proposed DEA rule

Common Scenarios: What’s Legal and What’s Not

Scenario 1: New ADHD Patient in California

Patient: 28-year-old seeking evaluation for ADHD, never seen by a psychiatrist before, located in Los Angeles

Legal approach: Conduct thorough evaluation via secure video. Perform CURES PDMP check. Diagnose ADHD. Prescribe Adderall 10mg via e-prescription for 30-day supply. Document detailed evaluation supporting diagnosis and prescription. Schedule 30-day follow-up.

Why it works: California allows telehealth prescribing with standard of care met. Federal extension allows Schedule II without in-person. CURES check completed as required.

Scenario 2: Anxiety Patient in Texas Needing Benzodiazepines

Patient: 35-year-old with panic disorder, stable on clonazepam for 2 years, recently moved to Texas, seeing you (a PMHNP) via telehealth

Legal approach: ✅ If you’re a physician: Check Texas PMP. Continue clonazepam (Schedule IV) prescription via telehealth. Schedule regular follow-ups.

❌ If you’re an NP in Texas: You need a supervising physician. Your collaborative agreement should explicitly allow benzodiazepine prescribing. Check Texas PMP. You can prescribe Schedule IV benzos under physician delegation.

Why it matters: Texas NPs need physician oversight for all prescribing. But they can prescribe Schedule III-V under proper delegation.

Scenario 3: New ADHD Patient Needing Stimulants in Texas

Patient: 19-year-old college student requesting ADHD evaluation, never diagnosed, wants to try Adderall, located in Austin

Legal approach: ❌ If you’re a PMHNP: You cannot prescribe Schedule II for outpatient psychiatric care in Texas. Refer patient to a psychiatrist (MD/DO) or collaborate with physician who can write the prescription.

✅ If you’re a psychiatrist: Conduct evaluation via video. Check Texas PMP. Diagnose ADHD. Prescribe Schedule II stimulant. Document thoroughly.

Why it matters: Texas law explicitly prohibits NP/PA Schedule II prescribing outside hospital/hospice.

Scenario 4: Out-of-State Provider Treating Florida Patient

Patient: 42-year-old Florida resident with depression and anxiety, you’re a psychiatrist licensed in New York

Legal approach: ❌ Without Florida license/registration: You cannot treat this patient.

✅ With Florida telehealth registration: Register as out-of-state telehealth provider with Florida. Treat patient via video. Check E-FORCSE PDMP. Can prescribe Schedule III-V freely. Can prescribe Schedule II if for psychiatric indication (e.g., Adderall for ADHD is allowed under psychiatric exception).

Why it matters: Florida’s out-of-state telehealth registration is one of the few such options nationally—it allows practice without full Florida licensure, but you still follow Florida’s rules.

The Economics of Telehealth Prescribing: Why This Matters for Your Practice

Understanding these regulations isn’t just about compliance—it’s about building a sustainable, profitable practice.

Patient acquisition via DIY marketing is expensive and uncertain:

• SEO takes 6-12 months and $3,000-5,000+ in content, technical optimization, and ongoing maintenance before generating meaningful patient flow
• Google Ads for ‘psychiatrist near me’ or ‘ADHD doctor’ cost $15-40+ per click, with most clicks not converting to booked patients—realistic cost per booked patient is $200-400+
• Directory listings (Psychology Today, Zocdoc) charge monthly subscription fees ($30-400/month) plus per-booking fees ($35-100+), and you compete with hundreds of other providers on the same page

The reality: Acquiring a qualified psychiatric patient through DIY marketing typically costs $200-500+ when you account for all costs—agency fees, ad spend testing, staff time to handle leads, no-show rates, and failed campaigns.

Telehealth platforms with pay-per-appointment models (like Klarity Health) flip this equation:

• No upfront marketing spend or monthly subscription fees
• You only pay when you see a patient (standard listing fee per new patient lead)
• Patients are pre-qualified and matched to your specialty
• Built-in telehealth infrastructure (no separate platform costs)
• Access to both insurance and cash-pay patient flow
• You control your schedule—only pay when patients book

Instead of gambling $3,000-5,000/month on marketing with uncertain results, you pay only when a qualified patient shows up on your calendar. That’s guaranteed ROI.

The regulatory knowledge gap affects economics: If you don’t understand state-by-state prescribing rules, you either:

1. Turn away patients you could legally treat (lost revenue)
2. Accidentally practice outside your scope (legal risk, potential board sanctions)
3. Limit yourself to one state when you could expand (capped growth)

For example, a California-based PMHNP who obtains licenses in Arizona and Washington (both full-practice states) can triple their potential patient base without changing their practice model. Understanding that Texas requires physician collaboration for NPs means you know whether to pursue that market or not.

Preparing for the 2027 Regulatory Shift

The current telehealth flexibilities will end. Probably December 31, 2026. Possibly sooner if the DEA finalizes permanent rules this year.

What to Do Now

1. Track the DEA’s rulemaking processThe special telemedicine registration rules are in the public comment period now (as of January 2025). Final rules could drop anytime in 2026.

Subscribe to DEA updates and follow professional organizations (American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Nurse Practitioners) for guidance.

2. Plan for the special telemedicine registrationIf you’re a psychiatrist or eligible PMHNP, budget for the administrative time and potential costs of obtaining the special DEA telemedicine registration. Start thinking about what documentation and reporting requirements might entail.

3. Identify your established patient basePatients you’ve seen in person (or who’ve been seen in person by another provider) are grandfathered under the Ryan Haight Act. Document which patients fall into this category—they can continue telehealth controlled substance prescribing indefinitely, regardless of rule changes.

4. Consider hybrid modelsFor new patients after the rules change, you might need to:

• See them in person for initial evaluation, then transition to telehealth
• Partner with local clinics to conduct initial in-person exams
• Limit your telehealth practice to patients with prior in-person evaluations

Or, if you qualify, obtain the special telemedicine registration and continue pure telehealth practice.

5. Diversify your state licenses strategicallyIf you practice via telehealth platforms, consider licenses in states where regulations favor your provider type:

• Psychiatrists: Most states are equally accessible, but IMLC states (Texas, California, Illinois, Pennsylvania, etc.) streamline multi-state licensing
• PMHNPs: Focus on full-practice states (New York, California, Arizona, Oregon, Washington, etc.) where you can practice independently

6. Document, document, documentWhether it’s 2026 or 2027 when the rules change, state medical boards and the DEA will scrutinize telehealth controlled substance prescribing more closely.

Your documentation should demonstrate:

• Thorough psychiatric evaluation (detailed history, exam findings)
• Medical necessity for controlled substances
• Appropriate monitoring (PDMP checks, follow-up appointments)
• Informed consent for telehealth
• Treatment plan with goals and reassessment schedule

If you’re ever audited or if a patient complaint arises, your documentation is your defense.

FAQ: Telehealth Controlled Substance Prescribing

Can I prescribe Adderall to a new patient via telehealth in 2026?

Yes, under current federal waivers extended through December 31, 2026. You must conduct a thorough evaluation via real-time audio-video, check your state PDMP, and follow state-specific rules. After the federal extension expires, you’ll likely need a special DEA telemedicine registration or an in-person exam to prescribe Schedule II to new patients.

Do I need to see a patient in person before prescribing benzodiazepines via telehealth?

Not under current federal rules (through 2026). However, some states may have additional requirements. Always check your state’s medical board guidance and PDMP requirements.

What’s the difference between prescribing as a psychiatrist versus a PMHNP via telehealth?

Psychiatrists have full prescribing authority in all states without supervision requirements. PMHNPs face state-specific scope-of-practice laws—some states grant full independence, others require physician collaboration, and states like Texas significantly restrict what NPs can prescribe (no Schedule II for outpatient care).

Can I use audio-only (telephone) for controlled substance prescribing?

Generally not advisable for most controlled substances. The DEA’s current flexibilities assume real-time audio-video. The exception is buprenorphine for opioid use disorder, which can be initiated via audio-only under current and proposed rules. For psychiatric medications like stimulants or benzodiazepines, use video to meet the standard of care.

I’m licensed in New York but my patient moved to Florida. Can I keep prescribing their ADHD medication?

No. Once your patient relocates to Florida, you need either a Florida medical license or Florida’s out-of-state telehealth registration to continue treating them. You’d also need a DEA registration for Florida. Prescribing across state lines without proper licensure violates both state medical practice acts and DEA regulations.

What happens if the DEA permanent rules are more restrictive than current waivers?

You’ll need to adapt your practice. This might mean obtaining the special telemedicine registration, conducting initial in-person evaluations, or partnering with local providers for hybrid models. The DEA has signaled that psychiatrists will be eligible for special registration for Schedule II, which suggests continued telehealth access—but with more regulatory oversight.

Do I need malpractice insurance that specifically covers telehealth?

Most malpractice policies now include telehealth, but verify with your carrier. Ensure coverage extends to all states where you’re licensed and seeing patients. Some carriers require notification if you’re practicing via telehealth or prescribing controlled substances remotely.

What if my state PDMP shows the patient is getting controlled substances from multiple providers?

This is a red flag that requires clinical judgment. Document your review of the PDMP, discuss with the patient, and determine if the prescriptions are medically appropriate (e.g., different specialists managing different conditions) or suggest potential doctor-shopping. If you suspect diversion or abuse, do not prescribe additional controlled substances and consider referring for substance use disorder evaluation.

Can I prescribe controlled substances to patients in states where I’m not licensed during emergencies?

Very limited circumstances might allow one-time emergency consultations, but don’t rely on this. The safest approach is to only treat patients in states where you hold an active license. If a patient travels temporarily and needs a refill, that’s generally acceptable if you already have an established relationship, but ongoing care requires licensure where the patient resides.

Join Klarity Health: Prescribe with Confidence, Grow Without Guesswork

Navigating 50 different state telehealth laws, staying current on DEA rule changes, and managing multi-state licensing is exhausting—especially when you’d rather spend that energy treating patients.

Klarity Health handles the complexity so you can focus on psychiatry.

Here’s how we’re different:

Built-In Compliance Infrastructure

• State-specific credentialing support to help you obtain licenses strategically
• Compliance monitoring for PDMP requirements, e-prescribing mandates, and documentation standards
• HIPAA-compliant telehealth platform with integrated tools
• Updates on regulatory changes (DEA rules, state law updates) so you’re never caught off-guard

Pay Only When You See Patients

Instead of spending thousands on marketing with uncertain ROI:

• No upfront costs or monthly subscription fees
• Standard listing fee per new patient lead
• Pre-qualified patients matched to your specialty and availability
• You control your schedule and caseload

Both Insurance and Cash-Pay Patients

• Access to insurance panels (for steady volume and credibility)
• Cash-pay options (for flexibility and higher per-session revenue)
• You decide which patients to accept

Designed for Controlled Substance Prescribing

Unlike some telehealth platforms that shy away from ADHD or anxiety medication management, Klarity supports the full scope of general psychiatry—including controlled substances—because we’ve built compliance into our model.

Support for Both Psychiatrists and PMHNPs

We credential providers across states with varying scope-of-practice laws. Whether you’re a psychiatrist looking to expand to multiple states or a PMHNP in a full-practice state ready to practice independently, we connect you with patients who need your expertise.

The result: You build a profitable, compliant telehealth practice without the guesswork—or the risk.

Ready to explore how Klarity can support your telepsychiatry practice? Learn more about joining our provider network or schedule a conversation with our provider relations team to discuss licensing, compliance, and patient flow in your target states.

References

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ‘HHS & DEA Extend Telemedicine Flexibilities for Prescribing Controlled Medications Through 2026.’ HHS.gov, January 2, 2026. https://www.hhs.gov/press-room/dea-telemedicine-extension-2026.html

2. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. ‘DEA Announces Three New Telemedicine Rules to Continue Open Access to Care While Establishing New Patient Protections.’ DEA.gov, January 16, 2025. https://www.dea.gov/press-releases/2025/01/16/dea-announces-three-new-telemedicine-rules-continue-open-access

3. Florida Legislature. ‘Florida Statutes §456.47: Use of Telehealth to Provide Services.’ Online Sunshine, 2025 edition. http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?Appmode=DisplayStatute&URL=0400-0499/0456/Sections/0456.47.html

4. Akerman LLP. ‘Harmonizing Federal and Florida Laws on Prescribing Controlled Substances Through Telehealth.’ Akerman.com, March 2023. https://www.akerman.com/en/perspectives/hrx-harmonizing-federal-and-florida-laws-on-prescribing-controlled-substances-through-telehealth.html

5. Texas Medical Board. ‘Prescriptive Authority FAQ: Advanced Practice Registered Nurses and Physician Assistants.’ TMB.texas.gov, updated 2024. https://www.tmb.texas.gov/resources/for-applicants-and-licensees/prescribing-and-supervision

Disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal or medical advice. Telehealth regulations continue to evolve. Always consult your state medical board, DEA regional office, and legal counsel for specific guidance on your practice. Last updated February 2026.

Source:

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• https://www.tebra.com/theintake/checklists-and-guides/legal-and-compliance/nurse-practitioner-laws-by-state#:~:text=,start%20their%20own%20medical%20practices