PMHNP Scope of Practice for Narcolepsy in Michigan

If you’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP considering treating narcolepsy patients remotely, you’re probably asking: Can I legally prescribe stimulants and other controlled medications via telehealth? The short answer in 2026 is yes — but with important caveats that vary wildly by state.

Narcolepsy treatment relies heavily on Schedule II stimulants (amphetamines, methylphenidate), Schedule IV wakefulness agents (modafinil), and Schedule III medications like sodium oxybate. Normally, federal law requires an in-person medical exam before prescribing any controlled substance via telemedicine. But we’re living in abnormal times: the DEA’s COVID-era flexibilities have been extended through December 31, 2026, allowing you to initiate and continue controlled substance prescriptions remotely without ever meeting the patient in person.

Here’s what you need to know to stay compliant, avoid state-specific pitfalls, and actually help the thousands of narcolepsy patients who can’t access specialized care locally.

The Federal Framework: DEA Telehealth Rules in 2026

Ryan Haight Act: The Baseline (But Currently Suspended)

The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Act (2008) is the federal law that normally governs telemedicine prescribing of controlled substances. It requires at least one in-person medical evaluation before you can prescribe any Schedule II-V medication remotely. This was designed to prevent internet ‘pill mills’ from prescribing opioids or stimulants with zero clinical oversight.

For narcolepsy providers, this meant you’d need to either:

• See the patient in person at least once
• Receive a referral from another physician who examined the patient in person
• Practice in specific settings (VA, IHS, hospital-based telemedicine with on-site presenter)
• Wait for the DEA to implement a ‘special registration’ for telemedicine prescribers (which never happened)

COVID-Era Flexibilities: Extended Through 2026

In March 2020, the DEA waived the in-person exam requirement due to the public health emergency. This meant psychiatrists and PMHNPs could suddenly prescribe Adderall, Ritalin, modafinil, or sodium oxybate to new patients via video visit — no in-person required.

When the federal COVID emergency ended in May 2023, the DEA faced a choice: cut off millions of patients overnight or keep the flexibility while finalizing permanent rules. They chose the latter. As of January 2026, HHS and DEA extended the telehealth controlled-substance allowance through December 31, 2026 (HHS Press Release, Jan 2, 2026).

What this means for you:

• You can establish a new patient relationship via telehealth (video or, in some cases, audio-only if clinically appropriate and state-allowed)
• You can prescribe Schedule II stimulants for narcolepsy after a thorough remote evaluation
• You can continue refills remotely
• No in-person visit required by federal law through end of 2026

Critical requirement: This only works if you meet all other DEA requirements:

• Active DEA registration with Schedule II authority
• Licensed in the state where the patient is located
• Prescription is for a legitimate medical purpose within your scope of practice
• You follow all state PDMP (prescription monitoring) requirements

What Happens in 2027?

The DEA has been working on permanent telemedicine rules since 2023. Their initial proposal (requiring in-person exams after 30 days for Schedule II drugs) was met with fierce opposition — over 38,000 public comments pushed back. The agency is reconsidering.

Expect new rules in late 2026 or early 2027. Likely outcomes:

• Some level of in-person exam requirement will return (possibly for initial prescriptions, or periodic follow-ups)
• Certain conditions or medications may get carved-out exceptions (like buprenorphine for opioid use disorder already has)
• A ‘special registration’ pathway may finally launch, allowing qualified providers to prescribe controlled substances nationwide via telemedicine

Action item: Don’t build your entire practice model on permanent federal flexibility. Plan for hybrid care options — partnerships with local clinics for occasional in-person exams, or arrangements for diagnostic testing (sleep studies) that often require in-person anyway.

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State-by-State Reality Check: Where Telehealth Narcolepsy Treatment Gets Complicated

Federal law sets the floor, but states add restrictions that can make or break your ability to treat narcolepsy remotely. Here’s the reality in our six key markets:

Florida: The Most Restrictive State for Narcolepsy Telehealth

The problem: Florida statute prohibits prescribing Schedule II or III controlled substances via telehealth — with narrow exceptions for psychiatric disorders, inpatient hospital care, hospice, or nursing homes (Florida Statute 456.47).

Narcolepsy is not a psychiatric disorder. It’s a neurological sleep condition. So even though you’re a psychiatrist, you cannot legally prescribe amphetamines or methylphenidate for narcolepsy via telehealth in Florida under current state law.

Your options:

• Prescribe modafinil or armodafinil (Schedule IV) — the telehealth ban only covers Schedule II-III
• Require at least one in-person visit to initiate stimulants, then potentially manage refills remotely (gray area — consult FL medical board guidance)
• Partner with a local physician who can do the in-person exam and co-manage the patient

PMHNP considerations: Even worse for NPs in Florida. You’re limited to 7-day supplies of Schedule II medications unless you’re a credentialed ‘psychiatric nurse’ treating a mental health disorder (Florida Statute 464.012). For narcolepsy (not a mental illness), that 7-day cap applies — making long-term management nearly impossible without physician involvement.

Bottom line: Florida is hostile to telehealth narcolepsy treatment. If you’re joining a platform to treat Florida patients, understand you’ll need workarounds or focus on non-stimulant options.

Texas: NPs Can’t Touch Schedule II (But Psychiatrists Can)

Psychiatrist perspective: Texas is fine for MDs. You can establish the patient relationship via two-way video (audio-only doesn’t cut it for controlled substances), prescribe stimulants remotely under current federal allowances, and manage ongoing care. Texas specifically prohibits telehealth prescribing for chronic pain management with controlled substances, but narcolepsy doesn’t fall under that restriction.

PMHNP reality: Texas does not allow APRNs to prescribe Schedule II medications in outpatient settings — period. The only exceptions are hospital inpatients or hospice patients, and even then the prescription must be filled at the facility pharmacy (Texas Medical Board guidance).

As a Texas PMHNP, you can:

• Prescribe modafinil (Schedule IV) under your physician delegation agreement
• Diagnose narcolepsy and develop treatment plans
• Not write the actual stimulant prescription — your supervising physician must do that

Operational impact: Telehealth platforms in Texas need a physician on staff to handle Schedule II prescriptions for narcolepsy and ADHD patients. You can’t scale an NP-only practice model there for stimulant-requiring conditions.

Additional hurdle: Texas requires checking the state PDMP before every controlled substance prescription, and you must use video (not phone) for the initial evaluation.

New York: Independent NPs + Federal Alignment = Green Light

The good news: New York offers full practice authority for experienced PMHNPs (3,600+ hours) and recently updated its controlled substance telehealth rules to align with federal law (NY DOH Rule, May 2025).

How it works:

• NY normally requires an in-person exam before prescribing controlled substances via telemedicine
• Exception: If you’re complying with applicable federal law (which currently allows telehealth prescribing under the DEA waiver), the state requirement is satisfied
• When federal rules tighten, NY’s in-person requirement will automatically kick back in — but you’ll still have exceptions (recent exam by a referring provider, covering for another practitioner, etc.)

PMHNP advantage: Independent PMHNPs in New York can diagnose narcolepsy, order sleep studies remotely, prescribe stimulants, and manage ongoing treatment entirely via telehealth. You need:

• NY nurse practitioner license with prescriptive authority certificate
• DEA registration
• Registration with NY’s I-STOP prescription monitoring program (mandatory PDMP checks)
• E-prescribing capability (NY requires electronic prescriptions for controlled substances)

Why this matters: New York is one of the few states where an independent PMHNP can run a legitimate narcolepsy telehealth practice without physician oversight. That’s a significant opportunity for expanding access in a state with chronic specialist shortages outside NYC.

California: NP Independence Coming Online (With Complexity)

California passed AB 890 in 2020, creating a pathway for nurse practitioners to practice independently — but with conditions.

Current status (2026):

• NPs with 4,600+ hours of practice (roughly 3 years full-time) can become independent practitioners
• You must complete specific pharmacology education on controlled substances to obtain Schedule II furnishing authority (CA Board of RN requirements)
• Independent NPs can prescribe Schedule II-V medications on their own license once certified

Narcolepsy implications:

• Experienced PMHNPs who’ve completed the AB 890 pathway can diagnose and treat narcolepsy independently
• Less experienced NPs still need physician oversight via ‘standardized procedures’
• California has no state-level telehealth restriction beyond federal law — you can initiate controlled substance prescriptions remotely under current DEA flexibilities

Don’t forget: California’s CURES PDMP system is mandatory. You must check it before the first controlled substance prescription and every 4 months for ongoing therapy. Failure to check can result in medical board discipline.

Platform consideration: If you’re recruiting California NPs, verify their AB 890 status. Many are still in the transition phase and will need physician collaboration for Schedule II prescribing.

Pennsylvania: Collaboration Required, But Telehealth-Friendly

Pennsylvania keeps NPs on a tighter leash than neighboring states.

CRNP scope:

• Collaborative agreement with physician mandatory (no independent practice)
• Can prescribe Schedule II-V if outlined in the agreement
• 30-day supply limit on Schedule II medications (older 72-hour limit was removed, but longer-term prescriptions require physician consultation)
• Schedule III-IV limited to 90-day supplies

Telehealth:

• No state prohibition on controlled substances via telemedicine
• Pennsylvania aligns with federal rules (currently allowing remote prescribing under DEA waiver)
• Recent legislative action allowed buprenorphine initiation via telehealth for opioid treatment programs with 14-day in-person follow-up — signals openness to telemedicine for controlled substances

Practical impact: A Pennsylvania PMHNP can treat narcolepsy via telehealth, but:

• Your collaborating physician must approve narcolepsy treatment in your scope of practice agreement
• For patients needing long-term stimulants, expect to involve the physician for periodic reviews (at least every 30 days for Schedule II refills)
• You’ll need to check the PA PDMP before each prescription

Not a dealbreaker: Many psychiatric practices already use this collaborative model. It just means you can’t scale a solo PMHNP operation in PA — you need physician partnership.

Illinois: Full Practice Authority (Eventually) + Strong Telehealth Support

Illinois created a two-tier system for nurse practitioners:

Path to independence:

• After 4,000 clinical hours + 250 hours of continuing education in your specialty, you can apply for Full Practice Authority (FPA)
• FPA-NPs practice independently, including Schedule II-V prescribing
• You need an Illinois Mid-Level Practitioner Controlled Substance License (in addition to DEA registration)

Special rule: If you prescribe benzodiazepines or opioids, Illinois requires a ‘consultation relationship’ with a physician even with FPA. This doesn’t appear to cover stimulants for narcolepsy, so independent prescribing should be allowed.

Pre-FPA: Less experienced NPs need physician collaboration and can only prescribe specific Schedule II medications delegated in writing (30-day limit).

Telehealth environment:

• Illinois is telehealth-friendly (permanent parity law passed in 2021)
• No state restrictions on controlled substances via telemedicine beyond federal requirements
• Mandatory e-prescribing for controlled substances (since Jan 2023)
• Must check Illinois PMP before prescribing stimulants

Strategy: Illinois is a strong market for experienced PMHNPs. If you have FPA status, you can run an independent narcolepsy practice. If not, you’ll need physician collaboration — but delegation is explicitly allowed by law, so finding a collaborating MD willing to delegate stimulant prescribing is feasible.

The Economics: Why Platforms Beat DIY Marketing for Narcolepsy Treatment

Let’s talk business reality. You’re considering telehealth because you want more patients, better income, and less administrative headache. Here’s why joining a platform like Klarity Health makes financial sense versus trying to build your own narcolepsy telehealth practice:

The True Cost of Acquiring Psychiatric Patients

Myth: ‘I can get patients for $30-50 each through Google Ads or SEO.’

Reality: Acquiring a qualified psychiatric patient through DIY marketing typically costs $200-500+ when you account for:

• Agency/consultant fees: Most solo providers hire marketing help ($1,500-3,000/month minimum)
• Ad spend + optimization: Mental health keywords on Google cost $15-40+ per click. Conversion rates are brutal — maybe 2-5% of clicks become booked patients. That’s $300-800+ per booked patient from PPC alone
• Staff time: Someone has to answer inquiries, qualify leads, handle no-shows from cold internet leads
• SEO investment: Building organic search presence takes 6-12 months of consistent content creation, technical optimization, and backlink building before you see meaningful patient flow. Budget $2,000-5,000/month during that ramp-up period
• Failed campaigns: Not every marketing channel works. You’ll waste money testing Facebook ads, Psychology Today listings, Zocdoc, local SEO before finding what converts

Directory reality:

• Psychology Today: $29-39/month listing fee, but you’re competing with hundreds of other providers on the same search page. Conversion rates are low unless you’re in a small market
• Zocdoc: Charges per booking ($35-100+) plus monthly subscription fees. Total cost can exceed $300-500/month for a few patients
• Both require you to handle scheduling, insurance verification, and patient intake — all unpaid time

The Klarity Model: Pay Only for Qualified Patients

Klarity uses a pay-per-appointment model. Here’s how it’s different:

No upfront costs:

• No monthly marketing subscription
• No ad spend gambling
• No agency retainer
• No wasted clicks on people who never book

Pre-qualified patients:

• Patients are already matched to your specialty and availability
• Insurance verification handled (for insurance patients)
• Scheduling integrated into the platform
• You only pay when a patient actually shows up

Infrastructure included:

• HIPAA-compliant video platform (no separate telehealth software cost)
• E-prescribing capability
• EHR integration
• PDMP access in most states

Both insurance and cash-pay:

• Insurance patients provide stable, recurring revenue (monthly med management visits)
• Cash-pay patients for providers who want to avoid insurance hassles
• You control your schedule and rates

ROI Comparison: Platform vs DIY

Scenario: Solo PMHNP starting a narcolepsy telehealth practice

DIY approach:

• Months 1-6: Spend $3,000-5,000/month on marketing, see minimal patient flow (ROI: negative)
• Months 7-12: Start getting 5-10 new patients/month if SEO kicks in, but still spending $2,000+/month on marketing
• Total first-year cost: $30,000-50,000 in marketing spend
• Risk: If it doesn’t work, you’re out that money with nothing to show

Platform approach (Klarity):

• Month 1: Start seeing patients immediately, pay listing fee per appointment
• No monthly overhead or wasted spend
• Scale up or down based on your availability
• Guaranteed ROI: you only pay when you’re making money

For most providers, especially those starting out or scaling up, the platform model removes all the risk. You’re paying a known fee for a qualified patient versus gambling thousands on marketing channels that might not work.

The Specialist Advantage

Narcolepsy is a high-value niche:

• Underserved patient population (often misdiagnosed for years)
• Long-term treatment relationships (chronic condition)
• Medication management generates recurring revenue
• Less competition than general psychiatry or ADHD

But: Narcolepsy patients are hard to find through generic marketing. They’re not searching ‘psychiatrist near me’ — they’re searching ‘narcolepsy specialist’ or ‘sleep disorder treatment’ or often don’t know what they have yet.

A platform that handles patient acquisition and qualification means you get matched with narcolepsy patients specifically, rather than trying to attract them through broad psychiatric marketing. That’s the economic value: targeted patient flow without the targeting cost.

Narcolepsy-Specific Compliance Challenges

Beyond the general telehealth and controlled substance rules, treating narcolepsy remotely has unique complications:

Diagnostic Requirements

Narcolepsy diagnosis typically requires:

• Polysomnogram (overnight sleep study): Rules out other sleep disorders like sleep apnea
• Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT): Measures daytime sleepiness and REM sleep onset

Both are in-person procedures done at sleep labs.

Telehealth workaround:

• Establish referral relationships with sleep centers in your patients’ states
• Order the diagnostic tests remotely
• Review results and confirm diagnosis via video follow-up
• Begin treatment once diagnosis is established

Some patients come to you with existing narcolepsy diagnosis from a neurologist or sleep specialist. In those cases, you’re providing ongoing medication management — simpler from a diagnostic standpoint, but verify the diagnosis was made properly before continuing Schedule II stimulants.

Sodium Oxybate (Xyrem) REMS Requirements

Sodium oxybate is a Schedule III medication with an FDA-mandated Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program due to its abuse potential and serious safety risks.

To prescribe it, you must:

• Enroll in the Xyrem/Xywav REMS program
• Complete required training
• Counsel patients on risks (respiratory depression, complex sleep behaviors, misuse potential)
• Prescribe only through the REMS-certified pharmacy network

Telehealth consideration: You can prescribe sodium oxybate via telemedicine (it’s Schedule III, not subject to the same restrictions as Schedule II), but the administrative burden is significant. Most solo telehealth providers avoid it unless they have dedicated staff to handle REMS enrollment and pharmacy coordination.

PDMP Checking is Non-Negotiable

Every state now requires prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) checks before prescribing controlled substances. For narcolepsy:

Before writing any stimulant prescription:

• Check your state’s PDMP (CURES in CA, I-STOP in NY, etc.)
• Look for red flags: multiple prescribers, overlapping stimulant prescriptions, history of opioid misuse
• Document your PDMP review in the patient record

Frequency:

• Initial prescription: always check
• Ongoing: varies by state (California requires every 4 months, others at least annually)

Violation consequences:

• Medical board discipline
• DEA investigation
• Malpractice exposure if patient diverts medication

Most telehealth platforms integrate PDMP access, but verify it’s available for your state before you start prescribing.

E-Prescribing Mandates

Many states now require electronic prescribing for controlled substances (EPCS):

• Illinois (since Jan 2023)
• New York (all controlled substances)
• California (moving toward full requirement)

Requirements for EPCS:

• DEA-compliant e-prescribing software
• Two-factor authentication (typically via hard token or mobile app)
• Identity proofing process

Good news: If you’re on a telehealth platform, this is usually built in. If you’re solo, you’ll need EPCS-capable software (SureScripts-certified) which costs $500-1,500+/year.

FAQ: Narcolepsy Telehealth Prescribing

Can I prescribe Adderall for narcolepsy via telehealth in 2026?

Federally, yes — the DEA waiver allows Schedule II prescribing via telemedicine through December 31, 2026. State law may restrict this: Florida prohibits it, other states allow it. Check your state medical board rules.

Do I need to see the patient in person at all?

Under current federal rules (through 2026): no. State law may require it (Florida does for Schedule II narcolepsy meds). Practically, you’ll often need to arrange in-person sleep studies for diagnosis anyway.

What happens if the DEA waiver expires in 2027?

Expect new rules requiring some in-person component (likely initial exam or periodic follow-ups). Plan for hybrid models — virtual visits for most care, occasional in-person exams when needed.

Can PMHNPs prescribe narcolepsy medications independently?

Depends entirely on state:

• Yes (independent): New York, California (if AB 890 certified), Illinois (if FPA status)
• Yes (with physician collaboration): Pennsylvania
• Limited: Florida (7-day Schedule II limit), Texas (can’t prescribe Schedule II at all)

Is treating narcolepsy within a PMHNP’s scope of practice?

Legally, yes in most states (if you have prescriptive authority for the medications). Practically, ensure you have adequate training in sleep medicine and narcolepsy management. Many PMHNPs manage stimulant prescriptions for ADHD — narcolepsy is a similar skillset. For complex cases (cataplexy, comorbid conditions), consider collaborating with or referring to a neurologist or sleep specialist.

What’s the liability risk of telehealth stimulant prescribing?

Same as in-person if you follow standard of care:

• Thorough history and examination (adapted for video)
• Appropriate diagnostic workup (sleep studies if needed)
• Documented rationale for controlled substance use
• Regular monitoring for efficacy and side effects
• PDMP checks per state requirements
• Proper informed consent (risks of stimulants, telehealth limitations)

How do I handle patients across state lines?

You must be licensed in the state where the patient is physically located during the telemedicine visit. You also need DEA registration covering that state. Consider joining the Interstate Medical Licensure Compact (IMLC) to expedite multi-state licensing if you’re an MD/DO. PMHNPs can use the APRN Compact (eNLC) for RN licenses in member states, though prescriptive authority still requires state-specific approval.

Next Steps: Making Telehealth Narcolepsy Treatment Work

If you’re ready to expand your practice to include narcolepsy patients via telehealth:

1. Verify your state’s current rules

• Check your medical board website for controlled substance telehealth guidance
• Review PDMP requirements and register if you haven’t
• Ensure your malpractice insurance covers telehealth

2. Get set up for EPCS

• If not already using e-prescribing, choose a platform that supports DEA two-factor authentication
• Complete identity proofing and get your hard token or mobile app set up

3. Establish referral pathways

• Identify sleep centers in your target states for diagnostic testing
• Build relationships with neurologists or sleep specialists for complex cases
• Consider which states make sense given their regulatory environment (skip Florida, prioritize NY/IL/CA)

4. Consider a platform vs solo practice

• Go solo if: You have 6-12 months to build patient flow, $30K+ marketing budget, and expertise in digital marketing
• Join a platform if: You want patients now, don’t want to gamble on marketing, and prefer predictable economics

5. Plan for 2027 regulatory changes

• Don’t assume federal flexibilities are permanent
• Build in capability for occasional in-person visits (hybrid model)
• Stay connected to DEA rulemaking through professional associations

Why Klarity Health for Narcolepsy Providers

Klarity is designed for psychiatrists and PMHNPs who want to focus on clinical care, not marketing and administrative overhead.

For narcolepsy specifically:

• We match you with patients who need specialty sleep disorder treatment
• All telehealth infrastructure included (video platform, e-prescribing, EHR)
• PDMP integration in supported states
• Both insurance and cash-pay patient options
• You control your schedule — only see patients when you’re available
• Pay-per-appointment model means zero financial risk

No upfront costs. No wasted marketing spend. Just qualified patients ready to see you.

Whether you’re an established psychiatrist looking to add a revenue stream or a PMHNP building your independent practice, Klarity gives you the patient access without the patient acquisition headache.

Join Klarity’s Provider Network to start treating narcolepsy patients via telehealth — compliantly, profitably, and on your schedule.

References and Citations

1. HHS Press Release (Jan 2, 2026): ‘HHS & DEA Extend Telemedicine Flexibilities for Prescribing Controlled Medications Through 2026’ — U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.hhs.gov/press-room/dea-telemedicine-extension-2026.html

2. DEA Press Release (Nov 15, 2024): ‘DEA and HHS Extend Telemedicine Flexibilities through 2025’ — U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. https://www.dea.gov/documents/2024/2024-11/2024-11-15/dea-and-hhs-extend-telemedicine-flexibilities-through-2025

3. 21 U.S.C. §829(e) — Ryan Haight Act (In-Person Medical Evaluation Requirement): Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/definitions/uscode.php?def_id=21-USC-1796173870-113781527

4. Florida Statute §456.47 (Telehealth Controlled Substance Restrictions): Florida Legislature Online Sunshine. https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?Appmode=DisplayStatute&URL=0400-0499/0456/Sections/0456.47.html

5. New York DOH Final Rule (May 2025) on Controlled Substance Teleprescribing: Nixon Peabody LLP Legal Alert. https://www.nixonpeabody.com/insights/alerts/2025/06/18/new-york-state-finalizes-telemedicine-rule-for-controlled-substances

This content is for informational purposes and reflects regulations as of February 2026. Controlled substance prescribing laws change frequently — always verify current requirements with your state medical board and DEA regional office before treating patients.

Source:

• https://www.law.cornell.edu/definitions/uscode.php?defid=21-USC-1796173870-113781527&height=800&iframe=true&termoccur=999&term_src=title%3A21%3Achapter%3A13%3Asubchapter%3AI%3Apart%3AC%3Asection%3A831&width=840#:~:text=,that%20a%20prescription%20has%20been
• https://www.hhs.gov/press-room/dea-telemedicine-extension-2026.html#:~:text=announced%20a%20fourth%20temporary%20extension,while%20permanent%20rules%20are%20finalized
• https://www.dea.gov/documents/2024/2024-11/2024-11-15/dea-and-hhs-extend-telemedicine-flexibilities-through-2025#:~:text=promulgate%20a%20final%20set%20of,Medications%2C%E2%80%9D%20was%20submitted%20to%20the
• https://www.dea.gov/press-releases/2025/12/31/dea-extends-telemedicine-flexibilities-ensure-continued-access-care#:~:text=On%20January%2017%2C%202025%2C%20DEA,to%20as%20the%20%E2%80%9CTwo%20Final
• https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?Appmode=DisplayStatute&URL=0400-0499%2F0456%2FSections%2F0456.47.html#:~:text=telehealth%20to%20provide%20health%20care,in%20Schedule%20II%20of%20s
• https://www.tmb.state.tx.us/page/facility-based-prescriptive-delegation#:~:text=at%20the%20hospital%E2%80%99s%20facility,from%20a%20qualified%20hospice%20provider
• https://www.cchpca.org/resources/state-telehealth-laws-and-reimbursement-policies-report-fall-2025/#:~:text=Texas%20regulations%20emphasize%20continuity%20of,Note
• https://www.nixonpeabody.com/insights/alerts/2025/06/18/new-york-state-finalizes-telemedicine-rule-for-controlled-substances#:~:text=match%20at%20L114%20The%20rule,and%20the%20US%20Department%20of
• https://www.nixonpeabody.com/insights/alerts/2025/06/18/new-york-state-finalizes-telemedicine-rule-for-controlled-substances#:~:text=In%20short%2C%20the%20exception%20permits,as%20a%20condition%20of%20state
• https://rxagent.co/blog/np-prescribing-authority#:~:text=Conversely%2C%20in%20Restricted%20Practice%20states,expand%20this%20scope%20%206