Telehealth Insomnia Prescribing: What Psychiatrists Can Do

If you’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP wondering whether you can actually prescribe sleep medications through telehealth — and what the rules look like state by state — you’re not alone. The landscape has shifted dramatically since 2020, and while most changes have been provider-friendly, the regulatory patchwork can feel like navigating a maze blindfolded.

Here’s the short answer: Yes, psychiatrists can prescribe insomnia medications via telehealth nationwide, including controlled substances like zolpidem (Ambien) and eszopiclone (Lunesta), through at least December 31, 2025. The DEA extended COVID-era flexibilities that allow prescribing Schedule IV sleep aids without an initial in-person visit. For PMHNPs, it’s more nuanced — your state determines whether you can prescribe independently or need physician oversight.

Let’s break down what this means for your practice, how it differs by state, and why telehealth insomnia care is both a clinical opportunity and a business-smart move.

The Federal Telehealth Prescribing Picture: What’s Changed (and What’s Coming)

Before COVID, the Ryan Haight Act required an in-person medical evaluation before any provider could prescribe controlled substances via telemedicine. That meant if a new patient came to you via video complaining of chronic insomnia, you couldn’t legally write that first Ambien prescription remotely — even though the visit itself was perfectly legitimate telehealth.

The pandemic flipped that. The DEA waived the in-person requirement under public health emergency authority, and they’ve now extended that flexibility through December 31, 2025. This means you can initiate controlled substance prescriptions (Schedule II-V) via telehealth for new patients without having ever seen them face-to-face, as long as you’re licensed in their state and meet standard-of-care requirements.

What happens after 2025? The DEA is finalizing permanent rules. The most likely scenario involves either requiring an eventual in-person visit for patients on long-term controlled meds (say, annually) or creating a special telemedicine DEA registration. Either way, expect some form of compromise between access and oversight. For now, the key is this extension gives you runway — and your patients continuity of care.

Practical takeaway: If you’re treating insomnia via telehealth in 2026, you can confidently prescribe zolpidem, temazepam, eszopiclone, and other Schedule IV hypnotics to both new and established patients. Just document the video encounter thoroughly (patient consent, location, clinical rationale) and use PDMP-compliant e-prescribing platforms.

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Psychiatrists vs PMHNPs: Who Can Do What?

Psychiatrists (MD/DO): Full Authority Everywhere

If you’re a board-certified psychiatrist, your scope is straightforward: you can prescribe any insomnia medication in any state where you hold an active medical license. No supervision needed. No formulary restrictions. You evaluate the patient, determine the diagnosis (primary insomnia, insomnia secondary to depression, etc.), and prescribe accordingly — whether that’s a non-controlled option like trazodone or doxepin, or a Schedule IV hypnotic.

Your clinical judgment is the only governor. State medical boards regulate physicians uniformly, so there are no state-by-state ‘psychiatrist-specific’ prescribing limits for insomnia. The catch is licensure: you must be licensed in the state where the patient is physically located during the telehealth visit. If you’re practicing in multiple states, that means multiple licenses (though the Interstate Medical Licensure Compact — IMLC — can expedite this for participating states like Texas and Illinois).

PMHNPs: It Depends Where You Practice

For psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners, prescribing authority varies dramatically by state. As of 2026, 27 states plus D.C. grant full practice authority to experienced NPs, meaning you can evaluate, diagnose, and prescribe (including controlled substances) without any physician oversight. But the other half of the country still requires some level of collaboration or supervision.

Here’s how it breaks down in our priority states:

Full or Pathway to Independent Practice:

• California: AB 890 created a staged pathway. As of 2023, you can practice as a ‘103 NP’ in a group setting with a physician, then after 3 years (by 2026) transition to ‘104 NP’ status for fully independent practice within your certified specialty. An experienced PMHNP can manage insomnia cases solo, including prescribing controlled sleep aids.

• New York: If you have 3,600+ clinical hours (~2 years full-time), you can practice independently — no collaborative agreement required. Below that threshold, you need a written agreement with a physician, though day-to-day supervision isn’t mandated.

• Illinois: After completing 4,000 practice hours under collaboration plus 250 CE hours in your specialty, you’re eligible for Full Practice Authority. Many Illinois PMHNPs have already achieved this. Until then, you practice under physician delegation.

Restricted Practice (Physician Oversight Required):

• Texas: You must have a Prescriptive Authority Agreement with a Texas physician. The agreement requires monthly quality meetings and periodic chart reviews. You can prescribe Schedule III-V meds (including zolpidem) but cannot prescribe Schedule II in outpatient settings — Texas law limits Schedule II delegation to hospital-based or hospice settings only.

• Florida: Psych NPs were specifically excluded from Florida’s 2020 autonomous practice law. You need a supervising physician and written protocol. Florida limits NPs to a 7-day supply for any Schedule II prescription, though most insomnia meds are Schedule IV and not subject to this restriction.

• Pennsylvania: One of the most restrictive states. You must have a collaborative agreement with two physicians (not one — two). PA law caps NP prescribing of Schedule IV drugs at 90 days without physician re-evaluation, meaning if you’re managing chronic insomnia with Ambien, the patient needs physician oversight every three months.

What this means for your telehealth practice: If you’re a PMHNP in a restricted state, joining a platform like Klarity that provides the physician oversight infrastructure removes that barrier. You can focus on patient care while the platform handles the collaboration agreement logistics. In full-practice states, you operate like a psychiatrist — total clinical autonomy.

State Telehealth Rules: Licensing, Prescribing, and Getting Paid

Licensing Requirements

Every state requires you to be licensed where the patient is located during the telehealth visit, not where you’re physically sitting. Some states have created workarounds:

• Florida allows out-of-state providers to register as telehealth providers without obtaining full Florida licensure, as long as you hold an unrestricted license elsewhere and meet eligibility criteria (no disciplinary actions, etc.). This opens Florida’s market without the full licensing burden.

• Texas now requires insurers to cover telehealth from out-of-state providers (as of January 2026 via HB 1052), but you still need a Texas medical license — the law just clarifies that your physical location during the visit doesn’t matter.

The Interstate Medical Licensure Compact (IMLC) helps physicians get licensed in multiple states faster. Texas and Illinois participate; California, New York, and Florida don’t. Pennsylvania joined but isn’t yet issuing compact licenses. For PMHNPs, there’s an APRN Compact in the works but it’s not operational yet as of 2026 — you’ll need individual state APRN licenses.

PDMP Checks and Controlled Substance Compliance

Nearly every state mandates checking the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program before prescribing controlled substances. For insomnia, this means:

• Texas: Must check PDMP for benzos, barbiturates, and opioids (zolpidem included in practice)
• New York: I-STOP database check required for every Schedule II-IV prescription — strictly enforced
• California: CURES check every four months for ongoing controlled prescriptions
• Illinois: ILPMP check required for opioids and benzos; best practice to check for all controlled meds

If you’re practicing in multiple states via telehealth, you’ll need access to each state’s PDMP system. Most are free but require separate registrations. It’s administrative overhead, but non-negotiable.

Reimbursement: You’ll Get Paid the Same (Mostly)

Here’s the good news: 24 states plus D.C. now mandate telehealth payment parity, meaning private insurers must reimburse telehealth visits at the same rate as in-person care. This includes California, New York, Illinois, and Texas among our priority states. Florida has a coverage requirement but not explicit payment parity — though most major insurers pay similarly to retain providers.

What you can expect to earn: Medicare’s national average reimbursement for a 20-minute medication management visit (CPT 99213) is approximately $95, and for a 30-minute visit (99214) about $125. Private insurance often matches or exceeds these rates. If you’re doing pure insomnia med checks (reviewing sleep patterns, adjusting doses, managing side effects), you’re typically looking at 15-30 minute appointments in the $90-150 range per visit.

Medicare telehealth: Medicare continues to cover tele-mental health at parity through at least 2024, with Congressional support for making this permanent. There’s talk of requiring a periodic in-person visit for patients on long-term controlled substances, but enforcement keeps getting delayed — so for now, you can manage Medicare patients fully remotely.

The business case for telehealth insomnia care is compelling: lower overhead (no office lease), broader patient reach, better show rates (patients love the convenience), and equivalent reimbursement. You can see more patients in less time without geographic limits.

The Economics of Building an Insomnia Practice: Platform vs DIY Marketing

Let’s talk about patient acquisition — because this is where many providers get stuck.

The DIY Marketing Reality Check

You could build your own patient pipeline through SEO, Google Ads, Psychology Today listings, or Zocdoc. Here’s what that actually costs:

SEO: Takes 6-12 months of consistent content and technical optimization before you see meaningful patient flow. You’ll need to either learn it yourself (hundreds of hours) or pay an agency ($2,000-5,000/month). And you’re competing with established practices and platforms that have been investing for years.

Google Ads: Mental health keywords run $15-40+ per click. Most clicks don’t convert to booked patients. By the time you factor in ad spend, testing different campaigns, and the conversion rate from click to booked appointment, you’re realistically looking at $200-400+ per new patient who actually shows up.

Directory Listings: Psychology Today charges $29.95/month and you’re competing with hundreds of other providers on the same search page. Zocdoc charges per booking ($35-100+) plus monthly fees. Even if you get patients this way, you’re still paying acquisition costs and handling all the admin (intake calls, insurance verification, no-shows).

Reality: Most solo providers spend $3,000-5,000/month on marketing with uncertain results. You’re essentially gambling that your SEO will eventually work or that your ad campaigns will hit the right conversion rate. And you’re doing all this while also trying to, you know, practice medicine.

The Platform Model: Pay Only for Results

Here’s why platforms like Klarity make economic sense, especially if you’re starting out or scaling:

How it works: You pay a standard fee per appointment (similar to Zocdoc’s per-booking model). No upfront marketing spend. No monthly retainers. No wasted ad dollars on clicks that don’t convert.

What you get:

• Pre-qualified patients already matched to your specialty and availability
• Built-in telehealth infrastructure (no separate platform subscription costs)
• Both insurance and cash-pay patient flow
• Credentialing support and billing infrastructure
• You control your schedule — only pay when you see patients

The ROI math: Instead of spending $3,000/month hoping to attract 10-15 new patients, you pay only when a qualified patient books with you. That’s guaranteed ROI. No risk. No wondering if your marketing is working. You see a patient, you get paid (minus the platform fee), and you know exactly what your patient acquisition cost is.

Who this works best for:

• New graduates building a patient base from scratch
• Established providers expanding to telehealth without marketing expertise
• Anyone who values predictable economics over DIY marketing uncertainty
• Providers in states requiring physician oversight (the platform handles that infrastructure)

DIY marketing can eventually be cost-effective if you have the budget, expertise, and patience. But for most psychiatrists and PMHNPs, especially those focused on clinical work rather than becoming marketing experts, a platform that handles patient acquisition removes the entire risk.

How Insomnia Prescribing Differs from Other Psychiatric Conditions

If you’re used to treating depression or ADHD, insomnia requires a different mindset:

Behavioral therapy is first-line. Unlike depression where SSRIs are standard first-line treatment, insomnia guidelines emphasize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) as the gold standard. Medications should ideally be short-term or used while behavioral interventions take effect. This means you’re often coordinating with therapists or recommending digital CBT-I programs (like Sleepio or Somryst) alongside prescribing.

Short-term prescribing by design. Most insomnia medications aren’t meant for chronic use. You’re frequently reassessing — Is the medication still working? Are they developing tolerance? Can we taper now that sleep hygiene has improved? This requires closer follow-up than maintenance psych meds (think every 2-4 weeks initially vs. quarterly med checks for stable depression).

Controlled substance concerns. Many effective sleep aids (zolpidem, eszopiclone, temazepam) are Schedule IV. You’re monitoring for dependence, unusual sleep behaviors (sleep-walking, sleep-eating), and potential misuse. This means more PDMP checks and documentation compared to prescribing, say, sertraline.

Diagnostic complexity. You need to rule out primary sleep disorders (sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome) that won’t respond to hypnotics and might be worsened by sedatives. Telehealth makes this trickier — you can’t observe the patient sleeping or do a sleep study virtually. Often you’ll need to coordinate with primary care for sleep apnea screening (STOP-BANG questionnaire, possible sleep study referral) or check ferritin levels for RLS.

Side effect profile. Insomnia meds carry unique risks: next-day sedation (important for patients who drive or operate machinery), fall risk in elderly patients, cognitive impairment, and complex sleep behaviors. You’ll spend time on risk education and often start lower doses than package inserts suggest (especially in older adults — think 5mg zolpidem instead of 10mg).

The upside? Insomnia treatment can be incredibly rewarding. Patients notice results quickly (often within days), and improving sleep cascades into better mood, cognition, and overall functioning. It’s a high-impact intervention.

Building Your Telehealth Insomnia Workflow

Here’s what a typical patient journey looks like:

Initial Consultation (30-45 min):

• Comprehensive sleep history (sleep onset latency, wake times, total sleep time, sleep quality)
• Review of comorbidities (depression, anxiety, chronic pain — all major insomnia contributors)
• Screen for primary sleep disorders (STOP-BANG for apnea risk, RLS symptom questions)
• Sleep hygiene assessment (caffeine, screen time, sleep environment)
• Prior treatment history (what’s been tried, what worked/didn’t)
• Set expectations: medications are ideally short-term; behavioral interventions are key

Treatment Plan:

• Non-pharmacologic first: recommend CBT-I resources, sleep hygiene optimization
• If medication indicated: start with lowest effective dose, discuss risks/benefits, document informed consent
• E-prescribe to patient’s pharmacy (use DEA-compliant platform for controlled meds)
• PDMP check documented in chart

Follow-up Schedule:

• Week 2-4: Check efficacy, side effects, sleep diary review
• Month 2-3: Reassess need, consider taper if sleep improved
• Coordinate with primary care or sleep specialists as needed

Documentation tips:

• Note that visit was via telehealth, patient’s location, and patient consent
• For controlled substances: document medical necessity, treatment plan, alternative options discussed, and PDMP check results
• Sleep diaries or wearable data (Fitbit, Apple Watch) can strengthen your records and demonstrate response to treatment

State-Specific Considerations: A Practical Guide

California

Best for: Experienced PMHNPs with pathway to independence; large patient market
Key rules: NPs transitioning to 104 status by 2026; CURES PDMP check required; strong telehealth parity laws
Market: High demand in Central Valley and Inland Empire (underserved); tech-savvy patient base; employer-sponsored telehealth common
Opportunity: Large population, progressive scope laws, payment parity — excellent for building a telehealth insomnia practice

Texas

Best for: Psychiatrists (no restrictions); PMHNPs willing to work under physician oversight
Key rules: NPs need Prescriptive Authority Agreement with monthly physician meetings; cannot prescribe Schedule II outpatient; IMLC member for physicians
Market: Rural shortages in West Texas and Panhandle; growing metros (Austin, Houston, Dallas)
Opportunity: High demand but regulatory overhead for NPs; platforms that provide physician oversight are essential

Florida

Best for: Psychiatrists; PMHNPs working within structured oversight
Key rules: Psych NPs excluded from autonomous practice; 7-day limit on Schedule II; out-of-state provider registration available
Market: Large elderly population (insomnia common but cautious prescribing needed); bilingual providers in demand
Opportunity: Access issues create opportunity; telehealth registration eases entry for out-of-state providers

New York

Best for: Experienced PMHNPs (3,600+ hours); all psychiatrists
Key rules: Experienced NPs fully independent; I-STOP PDMP check mandatory for every controlled Rx; strong telehealth parity
Market: NYC for convenience-seekers; upstate for underserved rural areas
Opportunity: Progressive scope laws, payment parity, and high demand make NY attractive despite strict PDMP enforcement

Pennsylvania

Best for: Psychiatrists; PMHNPs with patience for bureaucracy
Key rules: NPs need 2-physician collaboration; 90-day limit on Schedule IV prescribing; no state telehealth parity law yet
Market: 500,000+ residents in mental health shortage areas; Philadelphia and Pittsburgh have provider concentration
Opportunity: High need but restrictive scope creates barriers for NPs; physician-led or platform-supported models work best

Illinois

Best for: PMHNPs on FPA pathway; all psychiatrists
Key rules: NPs can achieve Full Practice Authority after 4,000 hours + CE; telehealth payment parity mandated by law; IMLC member
Market: Chicago metro plus underserved downstate; health equity focus
Opportunity: Clear path to NP independence, strong telehealth laws, and payment parity — one of the most provider-friendly states

What About Non-Controlled Insomnia Medications?

Not all insomnia treatment involves controlled substances. Options like:

• Trazodone (off-label, typically 25-100mg)
• Doxepin (low-dose, 3-6mg specifically for insomnia)
• Melatonin (OTC but often recommended)
• Ramelteon (Rozerem, melatonin receptor agonist)
• Suvorexant (Belsomra, orexin receptor antagonist)

These carry fewer regulatory hoops (no PDMP checks, no DEA scheduling concerns), but they also have more limited efficacy data for primary insomnia compared to traditional hypnotics. Trazodone is popular because of its low cost and favorable side effect profile at low doses, though it’s technically an antidepressant. Suvorexant is newer and expensive but represents a different mechanism than GABA-ergic drugs.

Many telehealth providers start with non-controlled options, especially for mild insomnia or patients with substance use history. It’s clinically appropriate and administratively simpler.

Common Provider Questions (FAQ)

Can I prescribe Ambien to a new patient I’ve never met in person via telehealth?
Yes, through at least December 31, 2025. The DEA’s extension allows prescribing Schedule IV sleep aids like zolpidem to new patients via video visit without a prior in-person exam. After 2025, new rules may apply, so stay updated.

Do I need malpractice insurance specifically for telehealth?
Most malpractice carriers cover telehealth under standard policies now — just list the states where you practice. Rates are typically the same as in-person care. Confirm with your carrier that multi-state telehealth is covered if you practice in multiple states.

What if a patient’s insomnia doesn’t improve with medication?
This is common. First, reassess the diagnosis — could it be sleep apnea, RLS, or circadian rhythm disorder? If primary insomnia, refer for CBT-I (many insurers now cover digital CBT-I programs). Consider switching medication classes (e.g., from a ‘Z-drug’ to an orexin antagonist). Sometimes the issue is poor sleep hygiene or an underlying psychiatric condition (undertreated depression or anxiety) that needs to be addressed first.

How do I handle patients requesting specific medications or dose increases?
Document your clinical reasoning. If a patient says ‘Ambien 10mg doesn’t work anymore, I need 15mg,’ educate about tolerance and the lack of evidence for higher doses. Consider rotating medications, taking a drug holiday, or intensifying behavioral interventions. If you suspect misuse, check the PDMP and consider specialist referral. Telehealth doesn’t change the standard of care — you still need a defensible medical rationale.

Can I treat insomnia in patients under 18 via telehealth?
Generally yes, if it’s within your scope and state law allows. Some states (like Florida) require psychiatric NPs specifically for prescribing controlled psych meds to minors. Pediatric insomnia is usually behavioral (sleep hygiene, limit-setting), and medication is rarely first-line. If prescribing, melatonin or very low-dose trazodone are typical; benzos and Z-drugs are rarely appropriate in kids.

What’s the standard follow-up timeline for insomnia patients on medication?
Initial follow-up at 2-4 weeks to assess response and side effects. If stable and improving, extend to monthly, then consider tapering after 2-3 months. Chronic insomnia medication use should prompt regular reassessment — at minimum every 3 months — to justify ongoing treatment and screen for dependence.

Why Insomnia Treatment via Telehealth is a Smart Clinical and Business Move

Clinical benefits:

• Early intervention: Patients don’t have to wait weeks for an in-person sleep clinic appointment
• Convenience improves adherence: Easier for patients to attend brief follow-ups
• Access for underserved areas: Rural and low-income patients who can’t travel to specialty clinics
• Integration with digital tools: Sleep trackers and online CBT-I complement telehealth medication management

Business benefits:

• High demand: Insomnia is one of the most common complaints in primary care and psychiatry; primary care often refers because they’re uncomfortable managing sleep meds long-term
• Good reimbursement: 15-30 minute med checks bill well ($90-150 per visit), and telehealth parity laws ensure you’re paid fairly
• Scalability: You can see patients across multiple states (if licensed), expanding your potential patient base exponentially
• Low overhead: No office space, minimal equipment (just a HIPAA-compliant video platform)
• Lower no-show rates: Patients are far more likely to attend a video visit from home than drive to an office

Patient satisfaction: Insomnia impacts quality of life profoundly. Patients who finally sleep well again are incredibly grateful, which makes this a rewarding specialty niche. And telehealth’s convenience (evening appointments, no commute) aligns perfectly with the needs of people struggling with sleep — many of whom are exhausted and don’t have the energy for an office visit.

Next Steps: Getting Started with Telehealth Insomnia Care

If you’re ready to add telehealth insomnia treatment to your practice, here’s your roadmap:

1. Verify your state’s scope of practice and telehealth rules. Use the state-by-state breakdown above or check with your state medical/nursing board. Ensure you understand prescribing authority and any collaboration requirements.

2. Get licensed in your target states. If you’re a physician in an IMLC state, use the compact for faster multi-state licensing. PMHNPs will need individual state APRN licenses for now.

3. Register for each state’s PDMP. Set up access before you see your first patient. Most systems are free but require separate registration.

4. Choose your practice model: Solo (DIY marketing, your own EHR and telehealth platform) or join an established telehealth platform (patient flow provided, infrastructure handled). Weigh the costs: time and money to build from scratch vs. per-appointment fees to a platform.

5. Set up compliant e-prescribing. Use a HIPAA-compliant, DEA-approved e-prescribing platform for controlled substances (like Surescripts or DrFirst). Most telehealth platforms have this built in.

6. Develop your clinical workflow. Create templates for initial insomnia evaluations, sleep diaries, follow-up visits, and tapering protocols. Identify CBT-I resources to recommend (apps, local therapists, etc.).

7. Start small, scale strategically. Begin with one or two states where you’re already licensed. As you get comfortable with the telehealth workflow and state-specific rules, expand to additional states where demand is high.

Considering Klarity? If you want to skip the patient acquisition headache entirely and focus on clinical work, joining a platform like Klarity means you get:

• Immediate patient flow (no waiting for SEO or ads to work)
• All the infrastructure (telehealth platform, credentialing, billing)
• Support with state-specific compliance and physician oversight (where needed for PMHNPs)
• Control over your schedule and patient volume

You pay only when you see patients — no upfront marketing spend, no monthly fees hoping patients will eventually find you. It’s the low-risk way to build or expand your practice, especially if you’re new to telehealth or don’t want to become a marketing expert on top of being a clinician.

The Bottom Line

Telehealth has permanently changed psychiatric care, and insomnia treatment is a perfect fit for this model. Psychiatrists have full authority nationwide (just need the right licenses). PMHNPs have a clear path in many states, with platforms able to provide the oversight infrastructure where needed.

The regulatory environment is more favorable than it’s ever been — extended DEA flexibility, payment parity in most states, and growing acceptance of virtual care. The business case is compelling: predictable economics through platforms that handle patient acquisition, or the ability to build your own practice with digital tools if you have the patience and budget.

And clinically? You’re treating a condition that profoundly impacts quality of life, with interventions that work quickly and visibly. Patients feel better, they’re grateful, and you’re filling a massive gap in access to psychiatric care.

The opportunity is there. The rules are navigable. The demand is real.

Ready to start? Verify your state’s requirements, choose your model, and start helping patients sleep again.

Sources and References

1. California Board of Registered Nursing – AB 890 Implementation. Current as of 2024 SB 1451 amendments. Outlines CA’s 103/104 NP categories and timeline for independent practice (2023-2026). www.rn.ca.gov/practice/ab890.shtml

2. Texas Medical Board – APRN Prescribing and Supervision FAQs. Current as of Feb 2026. Details TX prescriptive authority agreements, monthly meeting requirements, and Schedule II prescribing restrictions for NPs. www.tmb.texas.gov/resources/for-applicants-and-licensees/prescribing-and-supervision

3. Rivkin Rounds Law – New York NP Independence Law. Published April 13, 2022. Announces NY’s 2022 budget provision making experienced NPs (3,600+ hours) independent. www.rivkinrounds.com/2022/04/new-law-allows-experienced-nps-to-practice-independently-in-ny

4. Commonwealth Foundation – Pennsylvania NP Full Practice Authority Report. Published Dec 5, 2022. Details PA’s restrictive NP rules including 2-physician collaboration requirement and 30/90-day controlled substance prescribing limits. commonwealthfoundation.org/research/nurse-practitioner-reform-full-practice-authority-pennsylvania

5. Center for Connected Health Policy – State Telehealth Laws Report Fall 2025. Published October 2025. Comprehensive state-by-state telehealth laws summary, including payment parity data (24 states) and Texas HB 1052 coverage expansion. www.cchpca.org/resources/state-telehealth-laws-and-reimbursement-policies-report-fall-2025

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