Telehealth Insomnia Prescribing: What PMHNPs Can Do in Michigan

If you’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP considering telehealth, one question comes up constantly: ‘Can I prescribe insomnia medications remotely — especially controlled substances like Ambien or benzodiazepines?’

The short answer: Yes, you can — and demand for virtual insomnia care has never been higher. But the details matter: federal rules, state scope of practice laws, and collaborative practice requirements vary dramatically depending on where you practice and what credentials you hold.

This guide breaks down the current regulatory landscape for prescribing insomnia medications via telehealth, what psychiatrists vs PMHNPs can do in different states, and how to build a compliant, profitable tele-insomnia practice in 2026.

The Current State of Telehealth Prescribing for Insomnia

Federal Regulations: You Can Prescribe Controlled Sleep Meds Remotely (For Now)

Here’s the big relief: as of early 2026, you can legally prescribe Schedule IV insomnia medications (zolpidem, eszopiclone, temazepam) via telehealth without an initial in-person visit, thanks to ongoing DEA flexibilities extended through December 31, 2025.

This means a new patient in Texas can book a video appointment with you today, and if clinically appropriate, you can send an e-prescription for Ambien to their pharmacy — no prior face-to-face exam required.

What happened: During COVID-19, the DEA suspended the Ryan Haight Act’s in-person requirement for controlled substance prescribing via telemedicine. They’ve repeatedly extended this flexibility to avoid disrupting millions of patients receiving mental health and addiction care remotely. The latest extension runs through the end of 2025, with the DEA expected to finalize permanent telemedicine prescribing rules sometime in 2026.

What to watch: The DEA may eventually require periodic in-person visits for patients on long-term controlled substances, or introduce a special telemedicine prescribing registration. Until those rules are finalized, current flexibilities remain in effect. Stay subscribed to DEA updates or join your state medical/nursing board listservs for alerts.

Practical takeaway: You can confidently build a telehealth insomnia practice today. Just document your clinical reasoning, use DEA-compliant e-prescribing platforms, and follow state PDMP requirements (more on that below).

Free consultations available with select providers only.

Grow your practice on Klarity

Free to list. Pay only for new patient bookings. Most providers see their first patient within 24 hours.

Start seeing patients

Free to list. Pay only for new patient bookings. Most providers see their first patient within 24 hours.

Who Can Prescribe What: Psychiatrists vs PMHNPs

Psychiatrists (MD/DO): Full Authority, Everywhere

If you’re a board-certified psychiatrist, your scope is straightforward across all 50 states:

• Evaluate and diagnose insomnia via telehealth (video preferred, audio-only limited in some states)
• Prescribe any medication indicated — Schedule II through V controlled substances, off-label treatments, adjunct meds for comorbid anxiety/depression
• No supervision required — you practice independently, whether in-office or virtual

State licensing: You must hold an active license in the state where your patient is physically located during the visit. The Interstate Medical Licensure Compact (IMLC) can expedite multi-state licensing if you’re expanding across state lines — Texas and Illinois are IMLC members among our priority states, which makes scaling into those markets faster.

What this means for telehealth: You can see a patient in California on Monday, a patient in New York on Tuesday, and a patient in Texas on Wednesday — as long as you’re licensed in each state. No scope-of-practice restrictions. No formulary limits. You’re practicing at the top of your training.

PMHNPs: It Depends on Your State (A Lot)

Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioners have excellent training in insomnia management, but your prescribing authority varies dramatically by state. Here’s the breakdown:

Full Practice Authority States (Best Case)

In states with full practice authority, experienced PMHNPs can practice exactly like psychiatrists — independent evaluation, diagnosis, and prescribing of controlled substances for insomnia.

Examples from priority states:

• New York: After completing 3,600 hours of practice (~2 years full-time), PMHNPs can practice completely independently with no collaborative agreement. You can run your own telehealth practice, prescribe Schedule IV sleep meds, and manage patients without physician oversight.

• California: AB 890 created a pathway for independent NP practice. As of 2026, experienced PMHNPs who completed the ‘103 NP’ transition phase (3 years in a physician-led practice setting) can become ‘104 NPs’ and practice fully independently within their psychiatric specialty — including prescribing insomnia medications remotely.

• Illinois: After 4,000 clinical hours under a collaborative agreement plus 250 hours of continuing education, PMHNPs can apply for Full Practice Authority. Once approved, you can prescribe controlled substances independently (with some consultation requirements for Schedule II beyond 30 days, but most insomnia meds are Schedule IV).

What this means: If you’re an experienced PMHNP in NY, CA (post-transition), or IL (with FPA), you can join a telehealth platform and operate much like a psychiatrist — managing your own panel, prescribing as needed, no physician sign-off required.

Reduced Practice States (Collaboration Required)

These states require a collaborative agreement with a physician, but day-to-day supervision is minimal. You can still prescribe insomnia medications; you just need a formal relationship with an MD/DO who reviews charts periodically or is available for consultation.

Examples:

• New York (for newer NPs under 3,600 hours): You need a written collaborative agreement with a physician. The physician doesn’t need to see your patients or approve every prescription, but they’re legally responsible for overseeing your practice.

• Illinois (before FPA): New PMHNPs must practice under physician delegation with a collaborative agreement on file. The physician delegates prescriptive authority; you prescribe ‘under their name’ until you qualify for independent practice.

What this means: Telehealth platforms operating in these states often employ or contract with supervising physicians to fulfill this requirement. If you’re joining a platform, ask if they provide physician collaborators — most do. If you’re building your own practice, you’ll need to recruit a collaborating psychiatrist or physician willing to oversee your work (usually for a fee or profit-sharing arrangement).

Restricted Practice States (Physician Oversight Required)

These states impose the strictest limits: ongoing supervision, detailed protocols, and sometimes prescriptive formulary restrictions.

Examples from priority states:

• Texas: PMHNPs must have a Prescriptive Authority Agreement with a Texas physician. This agreement requires:

• Monthly quality assurance meetings between you and your supervising physician

• Periodic chart reviews

• Signed protocols defining your scope

• The physician’s availability for consultation

  Texas law also prohibits NPs from prescribing Schedule II controlled substances in outpatient settings (hospital-based or hospice only). This doesn’t affect most insomnia medications (Ambien, Lunesta, Restoril are Schedule IV), but it’s a significant scope limitation for ADHD or narcolepsy comorbidities.

• Florida: Florida’s ‘autonomous NP’ law specifically excludes psychiatric NPs. You must practice under physician supervision with a written protocol. Florida also limits NPs to a 7-day supply of Schedule II medications (again, not typically relevant for insomnia, but noteworthy). Additionally, only psychiatric NPs can prescribe psychiatric controlled substances to minors in Florida — if you’re treating pediatric insomnia, you need the psych certification.

• Pennsylvania: PA requires a collaborative agreement with two physicians (yes, two). The state also imposes prescriptive limits:

• Maximum 30-day supply of Schedule II without physician re-evaluation

• Maximum 90-day supply of Schedule III or IV without physician re-evaluation

  So if you’re prescribing Ambien (Schedule IV) to a patient in Pennsylvania, after 3 months you legally need your supervising physician to review and approve continuation.

What this means: Practicing in Texas, Florida, or Pennsylvania as a PMHNP adds administrative overhead. You’ll need a formal supervisory relationship, regular meetings, and potentially more frequent physician touchpoints for prescription renewals. Many telehealth platforms handle this backend for you — they employ psychiatrists to supervise NPs in restricted states — but it’s a workflow consideration.

Bottom line for PMHNPs: Check your state’s current NP practice laws before joining a telehealth platform. If you’re in a full practice state (or close to qualifying), you have maximum autonomy. If you’re in a restricted state, ensure the platform provides physician oversight — otherwise, you’ll need to arrange it yourself.

State-Specific Prescribing Rules That Actually Matter

Beyond broad scope of practice, several states have quirky rules that directly impact insomnia prescribing:

Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs)

Nearly every state requires checking the PDMP before prescribing controlled substances. For insomnia medications (Schedule IV), this means:

• Texas: Must check before prescribing benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or opioids (technically zolpidem isn’t explicitly listed, but best practice is to check all controlled substances)
• New York: Mandatory PDMP check (I-STOP) for every Schedule II–IV prescription — strictly enforced. You must document the check within 24 hours before prescribing.
• California: Must check CURES (CA’s PDMP) at least every 4 months for patients on ongoing controlled medications

Why this matters for telehealth: If you’re practicing in multiple states, you need access to each state’s PDMP system. Some platforms integrate PDMP lookups; others require you to log in manually. Factor this into your workflow — checking the PDMP adds 2–5 minutes per patient but is legally mandatory and clinically important (you’ll catch patients getting overlapping prescriptions from multiple providers, which is a safety and legal red flag).

State-Specific Controlled Substance Limits

• Pennsylvania: 90-day max on Schedule IV insomnia meds without physician re-evaluation (affects NPs; psychiatrists have no such limit)
• Florida: 7-day max on Schedule II for NPs (rarely relevant for insomnia unless prescribing a stimulant for comorbid narcolepsy)
• Texas: NPs cannot prescribe Schedule II at all in outpatient settings

Practical impact: Most insomnia medications are Schedule IV, so these limits primarily affect NPs in PA (3-month refills max) and create extra paperwork for multi-condition patients in TX/FL.

Telehealth-Specific Rules

• Florida: Prohibits prescribing Schedule II via telehealth except for psychiatric use, inpatient care, or hospice. Since insomnia treatment qualifies as psychiatric, you’re fine prescribing a controlled substance for it remotely — but this trips up providers treating pain or other conditions via telehealth.

• Audio-Only Visits: Many states restrict controlled substance prescribing to video visits. Audio-only (phone) might not meet the standard of care for initiating a new hypnotic prescription. Some insurers (like Medicare) reimburse audio-only for mental health, but for controlled substances, stick with video to stay compliant.

The Economics of Telehealth Insomnia Care

What You Can Earn Per Visit

Medication management visits for insomnia are typically 15–30 minutes and billed using standard E/M codes:

• CPT 99213 (15–20 minute established patient visit): ~$95 Medicare rate nationally
• CPT 99214 (25–30 minute visit): ~$125 Medicare rate

Private insurance often pays at or above Medicare rates. In states with telehealth payment parity laws (24 states plus DC as of 2025, including California, Texas, Illinois, and New York), insurers must reimburse telehealth visits at the same rate as in-person — so you’re not leaving money on the table by practicing virtually.

Cash-pay telehealth: Many platforms offer direct-pay models charging $75–$150 per visit, which aligns with insurance reimbursement and appeals to patients who want quick access without dealing with insurance.

Patient Acquisition: The Real Cost Nobody Talks About

Here’s where most providers underestimate the investment required to build a solo telehealth practice:

DIY marketing reality check:

• SEO: Takes 6–12 months of consistent content creation, technical optimization, and link building before you see meaningful patient flow. Most solo providers don’t have the expertise or patience for this. Hiring an agency? Expect $2,000–$5,000/month minimum.

• Google Ads: Mental health keywords are expensive — $15–$40+ per click. Most clicks don’t convert to booked appointments. A realistic cost per booked patient through PPC is $200–$400+ once you factor in ad spend, testing, and optimization.

• Directory listings (Psychology Today, Zocdoc): You’re competing with hundreds of other providers on the same page. Zocdoc charges $35–$100+ per booking, plus monthly subscription fees. Psychology Today is cheaper but lower conversion rates.

• Total cost of patient acquisition (DIY): When you add up agency fees, ad spend, staff time to handle leads, no-shows from cold leads, and months of investment before results — acquiring a qualified psychiatric patient through DIY marketing realistically costs $200–$500+.

The platform alternative:Telehealth platforms like Klarity Health use a pay-per-appointment model (similar to Zocdoc). You pay a standard listing fee per new patient lead, but you get:

• Pre-qualified patients already matched to your specialty and availability
• No upfront marketing spend or monthly subscription fees
• No wasted ad spend on clicks that don’t convert
• Built-in telehealth infrastructure (no separate EHR or video platform costs)
• Both insurance and cash-pay patient flow

The math: Instead of gambling $3,000–$5,000/month on marketing with uncertain results, you pay only when a qualified patient books with you. That’s guaranteed ROI vs the risk of failed SEO campaigns or burned ad budgets.

For most providers — especially those starting out or scaling quickly — a platform that handles patient acquisition removes the risk entirely. You focus on clinical care; they handle the marketing, credentialing, and administrative overhead.

How to Actually Prescribe Insomnia Meds Via Telehealth (The Workflow)

Step 1: Initial Video Consultation

Conduct a comprehensive insomnia evaluation:

• Sleep history (onset, duration, severity, patterns)
• Medical history (medications, substances, medical conditions affecting sleep)
• Psychiatric comorbidities (anxiety, depression, PTSD — very common with insomnia)
• Sleep hygiene and environmental factors

Many providers send a sleep diary or questionnaire before the visit so patients track sleep for 1–2 weeks. This gives you objective data and saves visit time.

Step 2: Clinical Decision-Making

Consider non-pharmacological interventions first (this is where insomnia differs from other psychiatric conditions):

• CBT-I (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia) is first-line per guidelines — more effective long-term than medication
• Refer to digital CBT-I apps (some are FDA-cleared and reimbursable)
• Sleep hygiene counseling

If medication is indicated:

• Start with non-controlled options when possible (melatonin, doxepin, trazodone) to avoid dependence concerns
• Reserve controlled substances (zolpidem, eszopiclone, temazepam) for moderate-to-severe insomnia unresponsive to other treatments
• Assess for contraindications: history of substance use, respiratory issues, fall risk in elderly patients

Step 3: Prescribing & Documentation

• Check the state PDMP (mandatory in most states for controlled substances)
• Document your clinical reasoning: why you chose this medication, why alternatives were rejected, patient education provided
• Obtain informed consent for telehealth (some states require explicit documentation)
• Send e-prescription via DEA-compliant platform (EPCS-enabled for controlled substances)

Step 4: Follow-Up (Critical for Insomnia Management)

Schedule a 2-week follow-up for new prescriptions to assess:

• Efficacy (sleep latency, duration, quality)
• Side effects (next-day sedation, cognitive impairment, parasomnias)
• Adherence and misuse risk

Unlike depression or anxiety (where medication adjustments happen monthly or quarterly), insomnia management benefits from closer monitoring initially. Telehealth makes this easy — patients can check in from home during lunch breaks or evenings.

Deprescribing: Unlike long-term psychiatric medications, insomnia meds should be periodically reassessed for discontinuation. CBT-I combined with temporary medication often allows tapering after 3–6 months. This is a key counseling point that differentiates insomnia care.

State-by-State Snapshot: Where You Can Practice

Red Flags to Avoid in Telehealth Insomnia Prescribing

1. Prescribing Without Adequate Evaluation

The DEA and state medical boards will scrutinize telehealth controlled substance prescriptions. Ensure you:

• Conduct a legitimate video evaluation (audio-only for controlled substances is risky)
• Document thoroughly — chief complaint, history, clinical reasoning, alternatives considered
• Avoid ‘prescription mills’ where patients book specifically to get Ambien without real clinical need

2. Ignoring PDMP Red Flags

If a patient’s PDMP shows:

• Multiple overlapping controlled substance prescriptions from different providers
• Recent high-dose benzodiazepines or opioids from another source

Do not prescribe without thorough discussion and possibly consulting their other providers. Document your decision-making. This protects your license and the patient’s safety.

3. Long-Term Prescribing Without Behavioral Intervention

Insomnia guidelines emphasize CBT-I as first-line. If you’re prescribing hypnotics for more than 3–6 months without addressing underlying behavioral factors or referring for therapy, you’re exposing yourself to scrutiny and potentially harming the patient (tolerance, dependence, rebound insomnia).

4. Practicing Across State Lines Without Proper Licensing

This seems obvious but happens often: providers assume telehealth bypasses state licensing. It doesn’t. You must be licensed in the state where the patient is located during the visit. Practicing without a license is illegal and can result in board action in multiple states.

If you want to practice in multiple states:

• Join the Interstate Medical Licensure Compact (if you’re a physician and eligible states)
• Apply for individual licenses in your target states
• Use a telehealth platform that handles credentialing and ensures compliance

FAQ: What Providers Actually Ask About Telehealth Insomnia Prescribing

Can I prescribe Ambien to a new patient I’ve never met in person?

Yes, as of early 2026, thanks to extended DEA flexibilities through December 31, 2025. You can initiate controlled substance prescriptions via telehealth without a prior in-person visit. Just ensure a proper video evaluation, check the PDMP, and document appropriately.

What if the DEA finalizes a rule requiring in-person visits?

Stay tuned to DEA announcements. If a rule passes requiring periodic in-person exams for controlled substances, many telehealth platforms will help coordinate local in-person visits (possibly with partner clinics) or transition patients to non-controlled alternatives. Until then, current flexibilities remain.

Do I need separate malpractice insurance for telehealth?

Most malpractice insurers cover telehealth at no additional cost, but verify your policy includes telemedicine in all states where you practice. Some insurers require you to list each state on your policy.

What’s the difference between Klarity and Zocdoc for building a patient panel?

Zocdoc charges per booking ($35–$100+) plus a monthly subscription fee, and you’re competing with hundreds of other providers on directory listings. Conversion rates are often low because patients are shopping around.

Klarity Health uses a pay-per-appointment model with pre-qualified patients already matched to your specialty. You pay a listing fee per new patient lead, but you’re not paying for directory subscriptions or wasted ad clicks. The platform handles marketing, insurance credentialing, and administrative overhead — you just log in and see patients.

For most providers, Klarity’s model reduces financial risk (no upfront spend) and saves time (no need to manage your own Google Ads or SEO).

Can PMHNPs in Texas join a telehealth platform, or do we need to find our own supervising physician?

Many platforms (including Klarity) employ or contract with supervising physicians to meet Texas’s collaborative requirements. When you apply, ask if they provide physician oversight in restricted states. Most do, which means you can practice in Texas without recruiting your own collaborator.

How do I handle patients who want to stay on Ambien long-term?

Clinical guidance: After 3–6 months, reassess. If insomnia persists:

• Re-evaluate for underlying causes (sleep apnea, restless legs, medical conditions)
• Strongly encourage CBT-I (refer to a therapist or digital program)
• Consider rotating to non-controlled alternatives (low-dose doxepin, trazodone, suvorexant)
• If continuing a controlled substance, document ongoing need, tolerance assessment, and informed consent about long-term use risks

Regulatory guidance: Some states (like Pennsylvania) require physician consultation for NPs after 90 days of Schedule IV prescribing. Follow your state’s rules, and document periodic evaluations showing continued medical necessity.

What’s the best state for PMHNPs to practice telehealth insomnia care?

Best autonomy: New York, California (post-AB 890), Illinois (with FPA). You can practice independently and prescribe freely once you meet experience requirements.

Best demand + flexibility: Texas and Florida have massive patient demand and growing telehealth infrastructure, but you’ll need physician collaboration. If a platform provides that, it’s a non-issue.

Avoid if seeking independence: Pennsylvania (overly restrictive collaboration requirements) unless you’re okay with the administrative overhead.

Why Telehealth Insomnia Care is a Growth Opportunity Right Now

The Market Reality

• Insomnia is common: 30–40% of adults experience insomnia symptoms; 10–15% have chronic insomnia disorder
• Access is terrible: Average wait time to see a psychiatrist in many markets is 4–8 weeks. Patients with insomnia want faster relief.
• Primary care gaps: PCPs often prescribe insomnia meds but lack time for proper evaluation and behavioral intervention — they’re looking to refer complex cases
• Insurance coverage is expanding: 24 states have telehealth payment parity laws, and Medicare continues to reimburse tele-mental health at in-person rates

The Provider Advantage

• Short visits, high volume potential: Insomnia med checks are 15–30 minutes. You can see more patients per hour than traditional therapy-heavy psychiatric practices.
• Lower burnout: Telehealth = no commute, flexible scheduling, see patients from home. Many providers report better work-life balance.
• Geographic flexibility: Live in a low-cost state, see patients in high-demand states (as long as you’re licensed there). Maximize your income while minimizing expenses.

The Business Case for Joining a Platform vs Solo Practice

Solo telehealth practice:

• Upfront costs: EHR ($200–$500/month), video platform, malpractice insurance, website, SEO/marketing ($2,000–$5,000/month)
• Time to patient flow: 6–12 months before meaningful volume
• Credentialing: 90–120 days per insurance panel
• Risk: High — you’re gambling that your marketing works

Klarity Health (or similar platform):

• Upfront costs: $0
• Time to patient flow: Immediate (patients already on the platform)
• Credentialing: Handled by the platform
• Risk: Zero — you only pay when you see patients

The math for most providers: Unless you’re already established with a large patient panel and marketing budget, joining a platform is the faster, lower-risk path to building a telehealth insomnia practice.

Next Steps: How to Start Prescribing Insomnia Meds Via Telehealth

If You’re a Psychiatrist:

1. Verify your state licenses (or apply for additional states via IMLC if expanding)
2. Check your malpractice policy covers telehealth in those states
3. Get DEA-compliant e-prescribing set up (EPCS-enabled platform)
4. Register for state PDMPs in every state you’ll practice
5. Join a telehealth platform (like Klarity) or build your own practice infrastructure

If You’re a PMHNP:

1. Check your state’s NP scope of practice laws — are you in a full practice, reduced, or restricted state?
2. If restricted, identify how you’ll meet collaborative requirements (does the platform provide this, or do you need to recruit a collaborator?)
3. If you’re close to qualifying for Full Practice Authority (NY, CA, IL), complete your hours and apply — this dramatically expands your autonomy
4. Register for state PDMPs and ensure you have DEA registration for controlled substances
5. Join a platform that handles credentialing and physician oversight in restricted states

Why Klarity?

Klarity Health connects psychiatric providers with patients seeking insomnia and mental health care via telehealth. Instead of spending thousands on marketing with no guarantee of patients, you join a network where:

• Patients come to you — pre-qualified, already matched to your availability
• You control your schedule — set your hours, see as many or as few patients as you want
• No upfront costs — pay per appointment, not per month
• Credentialing handled — we manage insurance panels and physician oversight in restricted states
• Focus on clinical care — we handle the admin, you handle the medicine

Ready to start? Explore Klarity’s provider network and see how telehealth insomnia care can fit into your practice — whether you’re adding a few hours a week or building a full-time virtual practice.

Sources and References

1. California Board of Registered Nursing – AB 890 Implementation
   www.rn.ca.gov/practice/ab890.shtml
   (Updated 2024) – Details CA’s NP independent practice pathway (103/104 NP categories) effective 2023–2026.

2. Texas Medical Board – APRN Prescribing and Supervision FAQs
   www.tmb.texas.gov/resources/for-applicants-and-licensees/prescribing-and-supervision
   (Current as of 2019 law, accessed Feb 2026) – Explains TX prescriptive authority agreements, monthly QA requirements, and Schedule II prescribing ban for outpatient NPs.

3. Florida Nurse Practitioner Network – Legislative Talking Points
   www.flanp.org/page/TalkingPoints
   (2023) – Confirms Florida’s exclusion of psychiatric NPs from autonomous practice and controlled substance limits.

4. NPSchools.com – Guide to NP Practice in Florida
   www.npschools.com/blog/guide-to-np-practice-in-florida
   (Updated 2024) – Context on HB 607 and psychiatric NP restrictions in Florida.

5. Rivkin Rounds Law Blog – NY NP Independence Law
   www.rivkinrounds.com/2022/04/new-law-allows-experienced-nps-to-practice-independently-in-ny
   (April 13, 2022) – Announces NY’s 2022 legislation granting experienced NPs (3,600+ hours) full practice authority.

6. Commonwealth Foundation – PA Nurse Practitioner Full Practice Authority Report
   commonwealthfoundation.org/research/nurse-practitioner-reform-full-practice-authority-pennsylvania
   (Dec 5, 2022) – Details PA’s restrictive NP rules including 2-physician collaboration requirement and controlled substance prescribing limits (30-day Schedule II, 90-day Schedule III/IV).

7. NursePractitionerLicense.com – Illinois NP Practice Limitations
   www.nursepractitionerlicense.com/nurse-practitioner-licensing-guides/limitations-of-practice-as-a-nurse-practitioner-in-illinois
   (Updated Feb 12, 2024) – Summarizes Illinois NP collaborative requirements and Full Practice Authority application process (4,000 hours + CE).

8. USA Doctor Network – How to Get Insomnia Prescriptions Via Telemedicine
   usadocnetwork.com/how-to-get-insomnia-prescriptions-via-telemedicine-3
   (June 11, 2025) – Discusses DEA’s extension of telemedicine controlled substance prescribing flexibilities through December 31, 2025.

9. Center for Connected Health Policy (CCHP) – State Telehealth Laws and Reimbursement Policies Report, Fall 2025
   www.cchpca.org/resources/state-telehealth-laws-and-reimbursement-policies-report-fall-2025
   (October 2025) – Comprehensive state-by-state telehealth policy analysis; confirms 24 states plus DC have payment parity laws and details TX HB 1052 (2026 telehealth coverage expansion).

10. MedFeeSchedule.com – Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Data
    www.medfeeschedule.com/code/99213 and www.medfeeschedule.com/code/99214
    (Effective Jan 1, 2025 & Jan 1, 2026) – National average Medicare reimbursement rates for CPT 99213 (~$95) and 99214 (~$125) used for medication management visits.

All regulatory information verified as of February 26, 2026. State scope of practice laws and federal telehealth rules continue to evolve — providers should verify current requirements with their state medical/nursing boards and monitor DEA announcements regarding permanent telemedicine prescribing regulations.

Source:

• https://www.nursepractitioneronline.com/articles/nurse-practitioner-practice-authority-updates/#:~:text=As%20of%202025%2C%20the%20distribution,toward%20greater%20autonomy%20for%20NPs
• https://www.nursepractitionerlicense.com/nurse-practitioner-licensing-guides/limitations-of-practice-as-a-nurse-practitioner-in-illinois/#:~:text=physician
• https://www.tmb.texas.gov/resources/for-applicants-and-licensees/prescribing-and-supervision#:~:text=Do%20I%20need%20to%20have,to%20a%20prescriptive%20authority%20agreement
• https://commonwealthfoundation.org/research/nurse-practitioner-reform-full-practice-authority-pennsylvania/#:~:text=expansive%20prescriptive%20authority%20is%20essential,survey%20of%20members%20of%20the
• https://www.rivkinrounds.com/2022/04/new-law-allows-experienced-nps-to-practice-independently-in-ny/#:~:text=New%20York%E2%80%99s%202023%20state%20budget%2C,practice%20without%20a%20collaborative%20relationship
• https://www.nursepractitionerlicense.com/nurse-practitioner-licensing-guides/limitations-of-practice-as-a-nurse-practitioner-in-illinois/#:~:text=With%20sufficient%20experience%2C%20however%2C%20CNPs,250%20additional%20continuing%20education%20units
• https://www.rn.ca.gov/practice/ab890.shtml#:~:text=In%20September%202020%2C%20Governor%20Gavin,Chapter%20481%2C%20Statutes%20of%202024
• https://www.tmb.texas.gov/resources/for-applicants-and-licensees/prescribing-and-supervision#:~:text=match%20at%20L153%20For%20a,meetings%20must%20at%20a%20minimum
• https://www.npschools.com/blog/guide-to-np-practice-in-florida#:~:text=%E2%80%9CUnder%20HB%20607%2C%20psychiatric,%E2%80%9D
• https://usadocnetwork.com/how-to-get-insomnia-prescriptions-via-telemedicine-3#:~:text=Recent%20regulatory%20updates%20have%20introduced,evaluations%20until%20December%2031%2C%202025