Telehealth Depression Prescribing: What Psychiatric NPs Can Do in North Carolina

You’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP looking to expand your practice, and one question keeps coming up: Can I actually prescribe antidepressants through telehealth? What about across state lines? Do I need a supervising physician if I’m an NP?

Short answer: Yes, prescribing depression medications via telehealth is legal and widely supported — but the details depend heavily on your credentials and where your patients are located.

Here’s the reality: depression treatment is one of the easiest specialties to deliver via telehealth from a regulatory standpoint. Most first-line antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs, etc.) aren’t controlled substances, so you sidestep the strictest federal prescribing barriers. Telehealth parity laws in 44+ states mean insurance reimburses virtual med management visits at the same rates as in-person. And for psychiatrists (MD/DO), your scope is essentially unlimited — you can do everything remotely that you’d do in an office.

But if you’re a PMHNP, your prescribing authority varies dramatically by state. In New York, you can practice completely independently after 3,600 hours of experience. In Texas or Florida, you’ll need a supervising physician just to write a script for Prozac.

This guide breaks down exactly what you can prescribe, where you can practice, and how the economics actually work when you’re managing depression patients through a telehealth platform.

Psychiatrists: Full Authority, Zero Supervision Required

If you’re a psychiatrist (MD or DO), you have unrestricted prescribing authority for depression in all 50 states. No collaborative agreements. No physician oversight. No disease-specific scope limitations.

What You Can Do in Telehealth Depression Care

Practically everything you’d do in-person:

• Initial psychiatric evaluations via video (history, mental status exam, diagnosis)
• Prescribe any antidepressant — SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, atypicals like mirtazapine or bupropion
• E-prescribe directly to the patient’s local pharmacy after the visit
• Adjust medications — titrate doses, switch agents, add augmentation (like aripiprazole for treatment-resistant depression)
• Order labs remotely if needed (e.g., TSH to rule out hypothyroidism, liver function for certain meds)
• Manage follow-ups — schedule brief 15-30 minute med checks every 2-4 weeks during initiation, then monthly or quarterly for stable patients

There’s no requirement for an in-person visit to establish the patient-provider relationship. Most states explicitly recognize that a synchronous audio-video evaluation meets the standard of care. Texas law, for example, has permitted physician-patient relationships formed via telemedicine since 2017 — you can evaluate and prescribe after a video exam just as you would after an office visit.

Controlled Substances & Federal Rules

Depression pharmacotherapy typically doesn’t involve DEA Schedule II drugs (like stimulants), but you may occasionally prescribe controlled substances — benzodiazepines for severe anxiety, stimulants for depression-related fatigue, or sleep aids like zolpidem.

Good news: The DEA has extended COVID-era flexibilities for telehealth prescribing of controlled substances through at least December 31, 2025. This means you can legally prescribe Schedule II-V medications via telehealth nationwide without an initial in-person exam, as long as you’re conducting a legitimate medical evaluation via audio-video.

Permanent rules are expected by late 2024/early 2025, and most policy experts anticipate tele-prescribing will remain viable for mental health treatment given the bipartisan support and proven patient outcomes.

Multi-State Licensure: Your Real Constraint

Your prescribing scope isn’t the issue — state licensure is. You must be licensed in the state where your patient is physically located during the telehealth visit.

The Interstate Medical Licensure Compact makes this easier. Thirty-seven states now participate, offering an expedited pathway to obtain multiple state licenses. For a psychiatrist treating depression across several high-demand states (say, Texas, Florida, and Pennsylvania), this means you can expand your reach dramatically without navigating 50 different licensing processes.

Bottom line for psychiatrists: Telehealth doesn’t limit what you can prescribe. The only barriers are administrative (licensure, documentation standards, platform credentialing). You’re empowered to practice to the full extent of your training.

Free consultations available with select providers only.

Grow your practice on Klarity

Free to list. Pay only for new patient bookings. Most providers see their first patient within 24 hours.

Start seeing patients

Free to list. Pay only for new patient bookings. Most providers see their first patient within 24 hours.

PMHNPs: State-by-State Authority Varies Wildly

If you’re a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner, your prescribing authority depends entirely on where you’re practicing. States fall into three categories:

• Full Practice — independent prescribing, no physician oversight
• Reduced Practice — partial independence, collaborative agreement required
• Restricted Practice — continuous physician supervision for prescribing

Full Practice States: New York (and Soon, California)

New York granted full practice authority to NPs in 2022. After 3,600 hours of clinical practice, you can evaluate, diagnose, and prescribe without a collaborative agreement or physician relationship.

For depression care, this means a New York PMHNP operates almost identically to a psychiatrist — you can independently manage patients, prescribe antidepressants, adjust medications, and handle complex cases. You still need your own DEA registration for controlled substances, but no physician is required to sign off on your practice.

California is transitioning via AB 890 (passed 2020). As of 2023, experienced NPs can practice independently in defined healthcare settings (clinics, hospitals, facilities). Starting January 1, 2026, Category 104 NPs can practice independently in any setting — including private practice or telehealth platforms — once they obtain Board certification.

For CA PMHNPs who meet the requirements (typically a master’s or doctorate, national certification, and ~3 years of supervised experience), you’ll soon be able to prescribe depression medications completely autonomously. Until you have that certification, you still need standardized procedures with a supervising physician.

Reduced Practice States: Pennsylvania, Illinois

Pennsylvania requires a collaborative agreement with a physician for all prescribing. The physician doesn’t need to co-sign each prescription or see every patient, but you must have a formal agreement on file outlining your scope, areas of practice, and physician availability for consultation.

For depression treatment, this means you can evaluate patients and prescribe antidepressants — but legally, you’re operating under a physician’s oversight. The agreement must be filed with the State Board.

Illinois has a hybrid model. Standard NPs need a collaborative agreement. But after 4,000 hours of clinical practice plus additional training, you can apply for Full Practice Authority (FPA) status.

With FPA, you can prescribe antidepressants independently. However, Illinois law still requires a consultation relationship with a physician for certain controlled substances like benzodiazepines or Schedule II drugs (not a formal collaborative agreement, just documented consultation protocols). For routine depression care with SSRIs or SNRIs, though, you’re fully independent.

Restricted Practice States: Texas, Florida

Texas is one of the most restrictive states for NPs. You must practice under a formal Prescriptive Authority Agreement with a physician. That physician must conduct regular chart reviews (a certain percentage of your cases) and periodic face-to-face supervision meetings.

For depression care, this means you cannot prescribe anything — including basic antidepressants — without a delegating physician who has signed this agreement. You’re not practicing independently; you’re practicing under delegation of a physician’s authority.

Texas doesn’t allow NPs to prescribe Schedule II controlled substances in outpatient settings (with narrow exceptions for hospital-based or hospice care). A 2023 bill (SB 1700) to grant NPs full practice authority was introduced but did not pass. As of 2026, Texas remains a Restricted Practice state.

Florida created a category of ‘autonomous practice’ for APRNs in 2020, but it only applies to primary care NPs (family medicine, pediatrics, internal medicine) — not psychiatric NPs.

PMHNPs in Florida still require a written protocol with a physician outlining their scope and prescriptive authority. You can prescribe antidepressants and even controlled substances (like benzodiazepines or stimulants for comorbid conditions) if your supervising physician delegates that authority in the protocol. But you cannot practice independently.

Florida law also requires chart reviews by the supervising physician and physician availability for consultation. For telehealth platforms operating in Florida, any PMHNP would need a collaborating psychiatrist or physician on record.

The Practical Impact

If you’re a PMHNP, your state determines whether you can join a telehealth platform independently or whether the platform needs to provide physician oversight.

In New York or (soon) California with FPA, you can sign up and start seeing patients immediately — no different than a psychiatrist from a prescribing standpoint (though Medicare still reimburses NPs at 85% of the physician fee schedule, which is a billing consideration for the platform, not a scope limit).

In Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania, or Illinois (without FPA), the platform must either:

1. Arrange a collaborating physician for you (adding administrative cost and complexity)
2. Only credential psychiatrists (MDs/DOs) in those states and use NPs in full-practice states

This is why many telehealth platforms prioritize recruiting psychiatrists in restricted states — it’s operationally simpler. But platforms with established physician networks can still leverage PMHNPs in these states by structuring proper supervision agreements.

Telehealth Reimbursement: You’re Getting Paid the Same as In-Person (Mostly)

One of the biggest questions providers have when considering telehealth: Will I get paid fairly for virtual visits, or is this a pay cut?

Telehealth Parity Laws Lock In Equal Rates

As of 2025, 44 states + DC mandate that private insurers cover telehealth services, and 23 states explicitly require payment parity — meaning telehealth visits must be reimbursed at the same rate as in-person visits.

This includes most priority states:

• New York and Illinois have strong payment parity laws (enacted 2021-2022)
• California and Pennsylvania have telehealth coverage mandates with parity provisions
• Texas and Florida have coverage mandates but not full statutory parity — however, most major insurers voluntarily pay parity for mental health services due to federal Mental Health Parity requirements

Practically, this means a 30-minute medication management follow-up for depression (CPT 99214) reimburses around $120-$130 from major commercial insurers, whether delivered in-office or via video.

Medicare Covers Telehealth Mental Health Indefinitely

Medicare initially restricted telehealth to rural areas and required patients to travel to approved facilities. COVID changed everything.

Congress has extended Medicare telehealth flexibilities repeatedly, most recently through September 30, 2025 (and likely to be extended further given bipartisan support). These flexibilities include:

• No geographic restrictions — patients can be anywhere in the country
• Home as an originating site — patients can have visits from their own home
• Waived in-person visit requirements for tele-mental health services
• Equal reimbursement rates for telehealth E/M codes

For psychiatrists, this means you can bill Medicare using standard evaluation and management codes:

• 99214 (30-minute moderate-complexity med check): ~$115 Medicare rate
• 99213 (15-minute low-complexity follow-up): ~$80 Medicare rate
• Initial psychiatric evaluations (90792 or longer E/M codes): $200+

These rates are the same whether the visit is in-person or via telehealth. You use modifier 95 or place-of-service code 02 to designate telehealth.

The NP Reimbursement Caveat

One wrinkle: Medicare reimburses nurse practitioners at 85% of the physician fee schedule when services are billed under the NP’s own NPI.

So if a psychiatrist bills a 99214 and receives $115, a PMHNP billing the same code would receive about $98. This isn’t a scope-of-practice issue — it’s a federal Medicare payment policy (42 CFR 414).

For commercial insurance, most payers reimburse NPs at the same rate as physicians for mental health services, especially in states with strong parity laws. But the Medicare differential is real and affects platform economics if you’re seeing a significant Medicare patient population.

Bottom line: As a psychiatrist, you’re getting paid the same for telehealth as you would for in-office visits. As a PMHNP, you’re getting paid the same by commercial insurers, and 85% by Medicare.

Why Depression Treatment Works So Well in Telehealth

Depression care is uniquely suited to the telehealth model for several reasons:

1. Non-Controlled Medications = Fewer Regulatory Hoops

First-line antidepressants (SSRIs like sertraline, escitalopram; SNRIs like venlafaxine, duloxetine) are not controlled substances. This means you don’t face the strict federal prescribing barriers that apply to ADHD medications (stimulants) or chronic pain management (opioids).

You can evaluate a patient via video, diagnose major depressive disorder, and e-prescribe fluoxetine to their local pharmacy without any special DEA restrictions or in-person exam requirements.

Even when you need to prescribe controlled substances — say, a benzodiazepine for severe comorbid anxiety or a sleep aid — the current federal waivers (extended through end of 2025) allow you to prescribe these via telehealth without an initial in-person visit, as long as you’re conducting a legitimate audio-video evaluation.

2. The Clinical Workflow Fits Video Perfectly

Diagnosing and managing depression relies heavily on history and mental status examination — both of which translate seamlessly to video.

You can assess:

• Mood, affect, speech patterns
• Thought content (suicidal ideation, hopelessness)
• Cognitive function (concentration, memory)
• Sleep, appetite, energy changes
• Psychosocial stressors

You can administer standardized rating scales (PHQ-9, GAD-7) electronically before or during the visit. You can review medication adherence, discuss side effects, and adjust treatment plans — all the core components of psychiatric medication management.

Physical exams aren’t required for depression diagnosis the way they might be for neurological conditions or movement disorders. You’re not missing critical clinical information by being on video instead of in the same room.

3. Frequent Brief Follow-Ups Are Easy to Schedule

Best practice for starting an antidepressant involves frequent early monitoring — check-ins at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks to assess response, monitor side effects, adjust doses, and screen for emerging suicidality (especially in younger patients).

These brief 15-20 minute appointments are perfect for telehealth. Patients don’t need to take time off work, arrange transportation, or sit in a waiting room. You can schedule more touchpoints without the friction of in-person logistics, which actually improves adherence and outcomes.

4. High Demand, Severe Shortages

The psychiatrist shortage is real. States like Texas (~1:9,000 population-to-psychiatrist ratio) and Florida (~1:8,500 ratio) have massive underserved populations. Even states with better overall supply (like New York at ~1:2,900) have severe rural shortages.

Telehealth lets you reach patients who literally have no other access to psychiatric care. You can practice from anywhere with an internet connection, treating patients across entire states (with proper licensure). This demand dynamic means platforms can offer competitive compensation because patient volume isn’t the constraint — provider availability is.

State-by-State Quick Reference for Depression Prescribing

Licensure reminder: Both psychiatrists and PMHNPs must be licensed in the state where the patient is located during the telehealth visit, regardless of where you’re physically sitting.

How Telehealth Platforms Handle Patient Acquisition (And Why It Matters for Your Income)

Here’s the part nobody talks about openly: acquiring psychiatric patients is expensive and time-consuming if you’re doing it yourself.

The Real Cost of DIY Marketing

Let’s say you want to build your own telehealth depression practice. You have a few options:

1. SEO & Content Marketing

• Reality: Takes 6-12 months of consistent investment before you see meaningful patient flow
• Costs: $2,000-4,000/month for quality content, technical SEO, and link building
• Timeline: 9+ months before you’re ranking for competitive terms like ‘psychiatrist near me’ or ‘depression treatment [city]’
• Risk: You’re gambling on Google’s algorithm and competing with every other provider in your market

2. Google Ads (PPC)

• Reality: Mental health keywords cost $15-40+ per click
• Conversion: Most clicks don’t convert to booked patients (10-15% conversion is optimistic)
• Math: You’re paying $200-400+ per booked patient after factoring in ad spend, landing page optimization, and staff time to handle leads
• Ongoing: You stop paying, your patient flow stops immediately

3. Directory Listings (Psychology Today, Zocdoc)

• Reality: You’re competing with hundreds of other providers on the same page
• Cost: Monthly subscription fees ($30-100/month) PLUS per-booking fees ($35-100+ per appointment)
• Quality: Leads are often price-shopping or unqualified (wrong insurance, wrong specialty, etc.)
• Time: You still need to respond quickly and convert inquiries to appointments

4. Insurance Panels

• Reality: 6-12 month credentialing timelines, low reimbursement rates, high administrative burden
• Cost: ‘Free’ to join, but you’re accepting $70-90 per session for Medicaid or low-tier commercial plans
• Volume: You need 25-30 patients/week just to hit $150K/year

Total realistic monthly cost for a solo provider doing their own marketing: $3,000-5,000/month with 3-6 months before you see consistent ROI.

How Platforms Change the Economics

Platforms like Klarity Health operate on a pay-per-appointment model. You don’t pay monthly subscription fees. You don’t gamble on marketing channels. You don’t waste time on no-shows from cold leads.

What you get:

• Pre-qualified patients already matched to your specialty and availability
• No upfront marketing spend — you only pay when you see a patient
• Built-in telehealth infrastructure (no separate platform costs)
• Both insurance and cash-pay patient flow (Klarity handles credentialing)
• You control your schedule — set your availability, see as many or as few patients as you want

The value proposition: Instead of spending $3,000-5,000/month on marketing with uncertain results, you pay a standard listing fee per new patient lead. That’s guaranteed ROI vs. gambling on marketing channels you may not have the expertise or patience to optimize.

Example math:

• DIY marketing: $4,000/month expense, maybe 10-15 new patients if everything goes well = $267-400 cost per patient
• Platform model: You pay a listing fee per new patient lead (let’s say $150-200 as a placeholder — exact numbers vary by platform). But crucially, you’re ONLY paying when a qualified patient books with you. No wasted spend on clicks that don’t convert, no monthly fees when you’re on vacation, no failed campaigns.

For established providers: Platforms aren’t a replacement for your existing marketing. They’re a supplement that fills schedule gaps and provides patient volume in new states where you haven’t invested in local marketing yet.

For new providers or those scaling: Platforms remove the risk entirely. You can start seeing patients immediately instead of waiting 6-12 months for your SEO or ad campaigns to pay off.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I prescribe antidepressants on the first visit via telehealth?

Yes, if you conduct a proper evaluation. There’s no legal requirement for an in-person visit before prescribing non-controlled medications like SSRIs or SNRIs. You need to establish a patient-provider relationship (which a synchronous audio-video visit satisfies in all states), take a thorough history, assess for contraindications, and document your clinical decision-making. Most providers do a 45-60 minute initial evaluation, then prescribe as appropriate.

What about suicidal patients — can I manage that via telehealth?

Yes, but with appropriate safety planning. You should assess suicide risk as you would in-person (using standardized tools like Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale if needed), develop a safety plan with the patient, ensure they have emergency contact information (988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, local ER), and arrange for closer follow-up if indicated. Many platforms have protocols for escalating to emergency services if needed. You’re not expected to manage acute suicidal crises via telehealth — those patients need emergency in-person care. But you can manage suicidal ideation with appropriate safeguards.

Do I need separate malpractice insurance for telehealth?

Check your current policy. Most malpractice insurance for psychiatrists and PMHNPs now covers telehealth as a standard practice modality. If your policy was written before 2019, you may need to update it or add a telehealth rider. Some platforms provide their own coverage for services delivered through their platform.

How do I handle prescriptions if my patient travels to another state?

Your license determines where you can treat patients — the patient’s physical location at the time of the visit is what matters. If you’re licensed in State A and your patient travels to State B (where you’re not licensed), you technically cannot provide a telehealth visit while they’re in State B. For prescriptions: if you prescribed while they were in State A, they can fill that prescription in any state (pharmacies recognize out-of-state prescriptions for non-controlled substances). For controlled substances, some states have additional restrictions on out-of-state prescriptions, but this is rare for psychiatric medications.

Can I prescribe buprenorphine (Suboxone) via telehealth for patients with depression and opioid use disorder?

Yes, federal rules permanently allow initiation of buprenorphine via telehealth (as of 2023 DEA rules eliminating the X-waiver requirement). You need a DEA registration and must follow evidence-based treatment guidelines, but you don’t need special training or waivers anymore. This is relevant because depression often co-occurs with substance use disorders, and integrated treatment improves outcomes.

What if my state’s laws change after I start practicing via telehealth?

Stay informed. State medical boards, nursing boards, and professional associations (like AANP for NPs or APA for psychiatrists) publish updates when laws change. Most platforms monitor regulatory changes and notify providers of new requirements. If your state moves toward more restrictive practice (unlikely trend currently, but possible), you’d need to adjust — e.g., if a state suddenly required collaborative agreements for NPs who previously had independence, you’d need to establish that arrangement.

Do patients prefer telehealth for depression treatment, or do they want in-person care?

Data shows strong patient preference for telehealth mental health services. Behavioral health care via telehealth remains over 20 times more utilized than pre-2019 levels (per FAIR Health data). Patients appreciate the convenience, reduced stigma (no one sees them entering a psychiatrist’s office), and flexibility of scheduling. Some patients do prefer in-person for initial evaluations, but most are comfortable with ongoing med management via video. Offering both options is ideal, but telehealth-only practices have proven sustainable and popular.

Why This Matters for Providers Considering Telehealth Platforms

If you’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP evaluating whether to join a platform like Klarity Health, the regulatory landscape should inform your decision — but it shouldn’t scare you away.

The fundamentals are solid:

• Prescribing depression medications via telehealth is legally sound in all states (with appropriate licensure)
• Reimbursement is comparable to in-person care thanks to parity laws
• Patient demand far exceeds provider supply, especially in underserved states
• The clinical model works — outcomes for telepsychiatry are equivalent to in-person for medication management

The variable is state scope-of-practice laws — if you’re a PMHNP, understand where you can practice independently vs. where you’ll need physician collaboration. If you’re a psychiatrist, your main considerations are licensure and credentialing logistics, not scope limitations.

The economic case is straightforward: Traditional marketing channels cost $3,000-5,000/month with 3-6 month lag times before ROI. Platforms charge per appointment, meaning zero risk and immediate patient flow. For providers who want to focus on clinical care instead of marketing optimization, that’s a compelling trade-off.

Telehealth isn’t the future of psychiatry — it’s the present. The question isn’t whether to adopt it, but how to do it sustainably and compliantly. Understanding these regulatory guardrails ensures you can practice confidently, get paid fairly, and reach patients who desperately need care.

Sources and References

1. California AB 890 Full Text – California Legislature official site (leginfo.legislature.ca.gov). Law passed September 29, 2020; phased implementation 2023-2026. Primary source defining California NP scope expansion. Link

2. Florida Nurse Practice Laws Summary – Florida Nurses Association / Florida Board of Nursing (flanp.org). HB607 effective July 1, 2020; summary updated 2024. Details autonomous APRN practice exclusions for psychiatric NPs. Link

3. Texas NP Practice Authority – American Association of Nurse Practitioners State Practice Profile (aanp.org). Accessed February 2026. Confirms Texas ‘Restricted Practice’ status. Link

4. New York NP Independence Act – JD Supra legal analysis by Rivkin Radler LLP (jdsupra.com). Published April 13, 2022. Analysis of NY’s 2022 law removing collaboration requirement after 3,600 hours. Link

5. Telehealth Parity Overview – iCanotes blog by Dr. October Boyles (icanotes.com). Updated August 6, 2025. Summarizes AANP data: 44 states with telehealth coverage laws, 23 with payment parity. Link

6. DEA Telemedicine Rule Extension – Texas Nurse Practitioners Association news (texasnp.org). Published October 6, 2023. Federal register notice extending tele-prescribing flexibilities to December 31, 2024. Link

7. 2025 Telehealth Prescribing Extension – Axios News (axios.com). Published November 18, 2024. Reports DEA & HHS extending COVID-era telehealth prescribing rules through end of 2025. Link

8. Medicare NP Reimbursement Policy – LegalClarity.org healthcare compliance resource (legalclarity.org). Updated December 17, 2025. Explains Medicare 85% Physician Fee Schedule rule for NP services, cites 42 CFR 414. Link

9. CPT 99214 Reimbursement Rates – PayerPrice.com healthcare cost data (payerprice.com). Verified February 2026. Shows average commercial insurance reimbursement of ~$120-$130 for CPT 99214. Link

10. Psychiatrist Shortage Data – Healing Psychiatry Florida blog (healingpsychiatryflorida.com). Published January 15, 2026. Compiles HPSA data: 122+ million Americans in mental health shortage areas; state-by-state psychiatrist ratios. Link

All sources accessed and verified February 2026. Regulatory information cross-checked with official state board sites and recent legislative updates.

Source:

• https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/new-law-allows-experienced-nps-to-8292796/#:~:text=New%20York%E2%80%99s%202023%20state%20budget%2C,practice%20without%20a%20collaborative%20relationship
• https://www.aanp.org/advocacy/texas#:~:text=Regulatory%20Structure
• https://www.flanp.org/page/PastNewLaws#:~:text=must%20engage%20in%20such%20practice,is%20composed%20of%209%20members
• https://texasnp.org/news-laws-and-regulations/#:~:text=,or%20before%20November%2011%2C%202023
• https://www.axios.com/2024/11/18/covid-telehealth-prescribing-extended-adderall#:~:text=The%20Drug%20Enforcement%20Administration%20,controlled%20substances%20like%20Adderall%20without
• https://www.leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB890#:~:text=education%2C%20experience%2C%20and%20certification%20requirements,The%20bill%20would%20require%20the
• https://www.icanotes.com/2022/03/09/telehealth-parity-laws/#:~:text=reports%20that%2044%20states%2C%20the,or%20limitations%20in%20their%20implementation
• https://payerprice.com/rates/99214-CPT-fee-schedule#:~:text=National%20average%20reimbursement%20for%20CPT,99214%20by%20major%20payers
• https://www.healingpsychiatryflorida.com/blogs/psychiatrist-shortage-by-state/#:~:text=42%20%20,9%2C318
• https://www.healingpsychiatryflorida.com/blogs/psychiatrist-shortage-by-state/#:~:text=43%20%20,9%2C327