How to Start a Telehealth Insomnia Practice in Florida

You’re a psychiatrist or PMHNP who’s watched too many patients struggle with insomnia — cycling through primary care referrals, sleep studies that go nowhere, and prescriptions that barely work. You know you could help these people. The question isn’t whether there’s demand (there absolutely is), but whether you can build a telehealth practice around insomnia treatment that actually makes financial sense.

Here’s the reality: insomnia is one of the most underserved niches in psychiatry, and telehealth is perfectly suited for it. But launching a successful practice requires navigating licensing across multiple states, deciding between cash-pay and insurance models, managing higher-than-average no-show rates, and choosing the right patient acquisition strategy. Get these pieces wrong, and you’ll burn through savings waiting for patients. Get them right, and you’ll have a thriving practice treating a condition that desperately needs specialists.

This guide walks through everything you need to know — from multi-state licensing timelines to the real economics of different marketing models — so you can make informed decisions and avoid expensive mistakes.

Why Insomnia Telehealth Is Different (And Why That Matters for Your Practice)

Insomnia treatment sits at a unique intersection that shapes how you’ll run your practice. Unlike medication-management-only psychiatry, insomnia patients typically need both pharmacological and behavioral interventions. That means you’re either getting trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) yourself, partnering with therapists who specialize in it, or coordinating referrals — all of which add operational complexity.

Your patients also don’t fit the typical 9-to-5 scheduling model. Someone who finally fell asleep at 6am isn’t making an 8am appointment. Successful insomnia practices often offer evening or early morning slots to meet patients when they’re actually awake and available — a scheduling consideration you won’t find in most general psychiatry practices.

Then there’s the compliance challenge. Unlike prescribing an antidepressant where adherence is straightforward, insomnia management requires lifestyle changes: sleep hygiene protocols, routine adjustments, sometimes eliminating caffeine or screens before bed. This means longer initial appointments (expect 60+ minutes for a comprehensive sleep history) and more frequent follow-ups to reinforce behavioral changes, especially in the first few months.

Finally, insomnia is highly comorbid. Your patients might also have anxiety, chronic pain, or shift-work disorder. That means coordinating with primary care or specialists more often than in a focused ADHD or depression practice, adding to your administrative load but also making you a more valuable specialist in your referral network.

The upside? Patients seeking insomnia treatment are often desperate — they’ve suffered for months or years and are highly motivated when they finally reach out. This creates strong conversion rates if you can get in front of them, which is where your marketing and patient acquisition strategy becomes critical.

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Multi-State Licensing: Your First (and Most Time-Consuming) Operational Hurdle

Here’s what most providers underestimate: you need a full medical license in every state where your patients are located. There’s no ‘national telehealth license,’ and treating a patient in Texas while you’re licensed only in California is practicing medicine without a license — a career-ending mistake.

The Interstate Medical Licensure Compact: Your Best Friend (If Your States Participate)

The Interstate Medical Licensure Compact (IMLC) is a streamlined pathway for physicians to get licensed in multiple states. As of 2026, 37 states plus DC and Guam participate (imlcc.com). Among high-demand states for telehealth psychiatry: Texas, Florida, Illinois, and Pennsylvania are all Compact members.

The major holdouts? California and New York — two of the largest patient markets — don’t participate, meaning you’ll go through each state’s full application process.

Here’s the practical reality: If you’re a California psychiatrist wanting to expand into Texas and Florida, you can use the Compact to expedite those licenses (potentially cutting timeline to 4-6 weeks). But adding New York means gathering verifications and waiting in their standard queue — budget 4-6 months for California licensure (mbc.ca.gov) if you’re applying there as an out-of-state provider.

Texas processes licenses in about 51 days from a completed application (www.tmb.state.tx.us), while most states fall in the 2-4 month range. The takeaway: start your license applications at least 6 months before you want to see patients in those states.

For PMHNPs: The Licensing Landscape Is Even More Fragmented

If you’re a psychiatric nurse practitioner, licensure is equally critical but even more complex. Unlike physicians who can use the IMLC, there’s currently no active APRN compact that’s been widely adopted. That means separate APRN licenses for each state where you’ll practice.

Even more important: scope-of-practice laws vary dramatically by state:

• New York: PMHNPs with 3,600+ hours of experience can practice independently (www.rivkinrounds.com)
• Illinois: Full practice authority after 4,000 hours plus 250 hours of additional training (www.nursingnetwork.com)
• Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania: All require physician collaboration — you cannot open a solo insomnia practice without contracting a collaborating physician

This isn’t just a regulatory nuance; it’s a fundamental business decision. If you’re planning a solo telehealth insomnia practice in Texas, you need to factor in the cost of a collaborating physician (often $1,000-3,000/month or a revenue split). In New York or Illinois, you can operate independently once you meet the experience threshold.

Don’t Forget DEA and PDMP Registration

Every prescriber also needs DEA registration for each state where they’re prescribing controlled substances. Since many insomnia medications are Schedule IV controlled substances (zolpidem/Ambien, eszopiclone/Lunesta), this isn’t optional.

The good news for telehealth insomnia prescribers: COVID-era telemedicine flexibilities were extended through December 31, 2026 by the DEA and HHS (www.hhs.gov), allowing you to prescribe controlled insomnia medications via telehealth without an initial in-person visit. This is critical — it means your entire treatment model can be virtual.

You’ll also need to register with each state’s Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) and check it before prescribing controlled substances. Every state now mandates this, and non-compliance can trigger board investigations.

Cost breakdown for multi-state licensing:

• Each state license: $300-800 in application fees
• IMLC application (if eligible): ~$700 plus individual state fees
• DEA registration: ~$888 per 3-year registration per state
• Background checks, verification services: $200-500
• Total for 3-state setup: $2,000-4,000 just in licensing fees before you see your first patient

Start this process early, budget for it, and track renewal dates religiously — nothing tanks a telehealth practice faster than inadvertently treating patients in a state where your license lapsed.

Cash-Pay vs Insurance: The Economics That Will Define Your Practice

This might be the most important strategic decision you make. The choice between accepting insurance and running a cash-pay practice fundamentally shapes your patient volume, revenue per patient, and operational complexity.

The Insurance Reality: Volume vs Margins

Joining insurance networks can rapidly fill your schedule. In states like Illinois and New York with large insured populations, being in-network is often necessary to capture patient flow, especially when you’re starting out.

But here’s the problem: private insurers pay behavioral health providers about 22% less than they pay for equivalent physical health services (www.axios.com). This gap is why over one-third of psychologists and psychiatrists don’t accept insurance at all (www.axios.com).

The operational costs of insurance go beyond just lower reimbursement:

• Prior authorizations for certain medications or therapy codes
• Claims management: billing, coding, tracking, appeals (add 5-10 hours per week or outsource for $300-800/month)
• Down-coding risk: Bill for 60 minutes of psychotherapy with medication management and get reimbursed for 30 minutes
• Slow payment cycles: 30-90 days from service to payment, creating cash flow gaps

Example: An insurance-based insomnia practice might get reimbursed $120-180 for a 60-minute medication management appointment. After accounting for billing overhead, down-coding, and denied claims, your effective revenue might be $100-150 per hour of clinical work.

The upside: Steady patient flow. Being in-network makes you discoverable through insurance directories, gets you referrals from primary care, and makes you accessible to patients who won’t pay $200+ out-of-pocket for sleep treatment.

One bright spot: Illinois recently passed legislation requiring commercial insurers to pay mental health providers at least 141% of Medicare rates (www.axios.com), which could gradually improve the insurance economics for psychiatry practices in that state. Watch for similar parity laws in your target states.

Cash-Pay: Higher Margins, Smaller Pool

In a cash-pay model, you set your own rates and patients pay at time of service — no claims, no coding, no waiting for reimbursement.

Operational advantages:

• Immediate payment: Accept credit cards, use a simple payment processor (Stripe, Square), get paid same-day
• No insurance paperwork: You save 5-10 hours per week that would otherwise go to claims management
• Treatment freedom: No formulary restrictions, no session limits imposed by insurers
• Privacy: Some patients specifically seek cash-pay to keep insomnia treatment off their insurance records

From a revenue standpoint, cash-pay psychiatrists in major metros often charge $200-350 for a 60-minute initial insomnia consultation, and $150-200 for 30-minute follow-ups. If you’re seeing patients at that rate, your revenue per clinical hour is significantly higher than insurance reimbursement.

The challenge: You’re limiting yourself to patients who can afford to pay out-of-pocket. In states like Florida and Texas with large underinsured populations, many potential insomnia patients simply won’t have the means. This makes marketing and positioning critical — you need to target higher-income demographics or offer financing options.

The Hybrid Approach Many Providers Eventually Choose

Many successful insomnia practices start cash-only to maintain simplicity and test the market, then gradually credential with 1-2 major insurers once they have leverage to negotiate better rates or want to expand volume. Others go the opposite direction: start in-network to build a patient base quickly, then transition high-value patients to cash-pay as the practice matures.

The key is calculating your Patient Acquisition Cost (PAC) under each model. If you’re spending $300 in marketing to acquire a patient who pays $200 cash for one visit and never returns, that’s unsustainable. But if that same patient stays for 6 months of monthly follow-ups (6 × $150 = $900), your $300 acquisition cost is reasonable.

For insurance patients, your PAC might be lower (insurance directories do some marketing for you), but your revenue per patient is also lower, so you need higher volume to make the same income.

Bottom line: Cash vs insurance is a trade-off between accessibility vs autonomy. Insurance brings patients but adds administrative burden and reduces margins. Cash brings freedom and higher per-visit revenue but requires sophisticated marketing and limits your addressable market. Choose based on your financial runway, target demographic, and how much administrative work you’re willing to manage.

The No-Show Problem: Why It’s Worse for Insomnia Practices (And How to Fix It)

Missed appointments are the silent practice killer. For insomnia specialists, this problem is particularly acute.

Sleep clinic data shows an overall no-show rate of 21.2%, with nearly 30.5% of new patients failing to show up for their first appointment (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). That’s significantly higher than general outpatient medicine.

Why? Insomnia patients are exhausted, forgetful, and often struggling with depression or anxiety as comorbidities. The very nature of the condition makes adherence harder. Common scenarios:

• Patient finally falls asleep at 6am, sleeps through 8am appointment
• Patient feels too fatigued or demoralized to engage and simply doesn’t show up
• New patients who haven’t yet experienced benefit are more likely to disappear (initial appointments see higher no-show rates than follow-ups)

Demographically, younger patients (17-40) have higher no-show rates than older adults, and uninsured patients miss more appointments than insured patients (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

Each no-show directly hits your bottom line. If you’re charging $200 per appointment and have 5 no-shows per week, that’s $52,000 in annual lost revenue plus the inefficiency of unfilled schedule slots.

Telehealth Reduces No-Shows (But Doesn’t Eliminate Them)

The good news: telehealth models significantly reduce non-attendance compared to in-person care (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Removing the barrier of travel makes it easier for patients to keep appointments.

But telehealth introduces its own risks: patients forgetting their appointment, technical issues preventing login, or simply clicking away if they’re having second thoughts.

Proven Strategies to Reduce No-Shows

1. Automated reminder systems: Send email and SMS reminders at 1 week, 24 hours, and 1 hour before the appointment. Most telehealth platforms (Doxy.me, SimplePractice, etc.) do this automatically.

2. Require credit card on file with a no-show policy: Charge a cancellation fee (often $50 or full appointment fee) for no-shows without 24-hour notice. While you should waive this for legitimate emergencies, just having the policy creates accountability.

3. Flexible scheduling: Offer evening or early-morning slots when insomnia patients are more alert and available. If you notice morning appointments have higher no-show rates, shift to afternoons.

4. Front-load engagement: For new patients, send intake paperwork and sleep diaries before the first appointment. This creates investment and reduces cold no-shows.

5. Monitor and act on patterns: If a patient no-shows twice, reach out proactively rather than just rebooking. Sometimes they need help understanding the importance of consistency, or they’re ambivalent about treatment.

6. Consider deposit-based booking: Some cash-pay practices require a non-refundable deposit (say $50-100) when booking, which is credited toward the appointment. This filters out patients who aren’t serious and reduces last-minute cancellations.

If you’re using a pay-per-appointment referral platform (more on this below), remember that you’re charged when the patient books, not when they show up. That makes no-show management even more critical to your profitability.

Patient Acquisition: Pay-Per-Appointment vs Subscription Marketing

Once you’re licensed and have decided on cash vs insurance, you need patients. This is where many new telehealth practices struggle: how do you actually get in front of people searching for insomnia help?

The two dominant models are pay-per-appointment referral platforms and subscription-based marketing services. Each has different economics and risk profiles.

Pay-Per-Appointment: Platforms Like Zocdoc

In this model, you pay a fee each time a new patient books with you. Zocdoc is the canonical example: they moved to a pure pay-per-booking model where providers pay a one-time booking fee (typically $40-110, often toward the higher end for psychiatry) whenever a new patient schedules (www.zocdoc.com).

Critical detail: You’re charged when the patient books, regardless of whether they actually show up (www.zocdoc.com). Zocdoc sends reminders to reduce no-shows, but if a patient ghosts you, you’ve still paid for that booking.

Advantages:

• No upfront cost: You only pay when you get a patient inquiry
• Scalable: Want more patients? Just accept more bookings (though your costs scale accordingly)
• Low commitment: You can start or stop at any time without losing a monthly subscription

Disadvantages:

• Unpredictable costs: One month you might get 20 bookings ($800-2,000 in fees), next month only 5
• No-show risk is on you: Factor an additional 20-30% ‘loss’ to no-shows when calculating effective PAC
• Volume-dependent profitability: If you’re getting 50+ patients per month, fees can reach $4,000-5,000, eating into margins

Other pay-per-lead channels include Google Ads (where you pay per click, not per booking, so conversion rates matter enormously) or specialized telehealth marketplaces.

Subscription Marketing: Psychology Today, SEO Services, Platform Memberships

In a subscription model, you pay a flat monthly or annual fee for marketing exposure, regardless of how many patients you acquire.

Examples:

• Psychology Today directory: $30-40/month for a basic profile
• PatientPop or similar: $300-800/month for website SEO optimization and marketing services
• Joining a telehealth platform with platform fees: Some charge $200-500/month to be part of their provider network, with them handling all marketing

Advantages:

• Predictable costs: You can budget a set marketing spend
• Long-term brand building: SEO and content marketing compound over time — your website might start ranking for ‘online insomnia psychiatrist [State]’ and bring organic traffic at no marginal cost
• No per-booking fees: Once you’re paying the subscription, additional patients don’t cost you more

Disadvantages:

• High cost-per-patient if volume is low: Paying $400/month and only getting 1 patient means that patient cost you $400 to acquire
• Requires patience: SEO takes 6-12 months to show meaningful results; if you need patients immediately, subscriptions won’t help in month 1
• Commitment: Most subscriptions require 3-12 month contracts

What Actually Makes Sense for Most Insomnia Practices?

Here’s the honest economic reality: DIY marketing (SEO, Google Ads, directory listings) typically costs $200-500+ per acquired patient when you account for all costs:

• Agency or consultant fees
• Ad spend and testing
• Staff time to manage and qualify leads
• No-show rates from cold leads
• Months of investment before SEO generates traffic

For a new practice with limited cash flow, pay-per-appointment models remove the risk of spending thousands on marketing with uncertain results. You pay only when a patient books. That’s guaranteed ROI vs gambling on marketing channels.

Once you have steady patient flow and understand your retention metrics, you can layer in subscription-based SEO or content marketing to reduce per-patient acquisition costs over time.

The hybrid approach many successful practices use: Start with pay-per-appointment platforms (Zocdoc, telehealth marketplaces) to get initial patients and revenue. Simultaneously invest in organic marketing (claim your Google Business Profile, write a few blog posts about insomnia treatment, get listed on free directories). As organic channels start converting, you can reduce reliance on paid-per-booking and transition marketing spend to subscription SEO or content creation that builds long-term asset value.

Remember: your lifetime patient value matters more than first-appointment acquisition cost. If a patient acquired for $100 stays with you for 12 months of monthly follow-ups ($150/month × 12 = $1,800), that’s an excellent return. If they only come once and never return, you need to fix retention before pouring money into acquisition.

State-by-State Reality Check: Where You Should Focus and Why

Not all states are created equal for telehealth insomnia practices. Licensing requirements, provider density, and market conditions vary dramatically.

Texas and Florida: High Demand, High Opportunity (But Be Prepared for Operational Challenges)

Both states have severe psychiatrist shortages — roughly 1 psychiatrist per 8,500-9,000 people (www.healingpsychiatryflorida.com). This creates massive demand for insomnia specialists, but also presents challenges:

Florida specifics:

• IMLC member (streamlined licensing for physicians)
• Offers Out-of-State Telehealth Registration for providers licensed elsewhere — faster than full licensure but with jurisdictional requirements
• Cannot prescribe Schedule II controlled substances via telehealth except in specific circumstances (www.leg.state.fl.us), but Schedule IV insomnia meds (Ambien, Lunesta) are allowed
• Large retired and Medicare population — consider whether you’ll accept Medicare
• Higher no-show risk in underinsured populations; cash-pay targeting may need to focus on higher-income demographics

Texas specifics:

• IMLC member with fast processing (~51-day average) (www.tmb.state.tx.us)
• PMHNPs require physician collaboration (factor this into business model)
• Large underinsured population but also strong private insurance market in urban areas (Dallas, Houston, Austin)
• Telehealth parity laws support insurance reimbursement

New York: Saturated Urban Market, Opportunity in Underserved Areas

New York has roughly 1 psychiatrist per 2,900 people (www.healingpsychiatryflorida.com) — relatively good compared to national average. But that’s heavily concentrated in NYC.

What this means:

• Competition is fierce in NYC — you’ll likely need to accept insurance or have a very specific niche (e.g., ‘insomnia treatment for shift workers’)
• Upstate and rural NY have significant access gaps — telehealth is perfect for reaching these underserved populations
• PMHNPs can practice independently after 3,600 hours (www.rivkinrounds.com)
• Not in IMLC — expect 3-4 month licensing timeline

California and Pennsylvania: Moderate Markets with Specific Opportunities

California:

• Not in IMLC — budget 4-6 months for licensing
• Tech-savvy population expects app-based convenience and modern patient experience
• Strong cash-pay market in urban areas (SF, LA, San Diego)
• Large rural and Central Valley populations underserved for psychiatric care

Pennsylvania:

• IMLC member for physicians
• Large rural regions with telehealth access gaps
• PMHNPs still require physician collaboration
• Moderate provider density (~1:4,586) (www.healingpsychiatryflorida.com)

Illinois: Watch This Market Closely

Illinois has moderate provider density (~1:5,800) (www.healingpsychiatryflorida.com), but here’s what makes it interesting: Illinois passed legislation requiring commercial insurers to pay mental health providers at least 141% of Medicare rates (www.axios.com).

If implemented fully, this could make insurance-based practice significantly more attractive in Illinois than in other states. Worth monitoring as the law takes effect.

Your Practice Launch Checklist: What It Actually Costs and How Long It Takes

Ready to launch? Here’s the realistic timeline and budget:

Months 1-2: Licensing and Legal Setup

• Apply for medical/NP licenses in target states ($300-800 per state)
• DEA registration in each state (~$888 per registration)
• Form business entity (LLC/PC): $50-500 depending on state
• Malpractice insurance with telehealth coverage: $1,500-5,000/year
• Consult healthcare attorney for compliance review: $300-600
• Estimated cost: $3,000-7,000
• Estimated time: 2-6 months (licensing is the long pole)

Month 3-4: Technology and Infrastructure

• HIPAA-compliant video platform: $35-100/month (Doxy.me, Zoom Healthcare, SimplePractice)
• EHR with e-prescribing: $25-150/month (TherapyNotes, CharmHealth, Luminello)
• Business-class internet and equipment: $500 one-time setup
• Professional website and domain: $200-1,000 (can use template or hire designer)
• Estimated monthly recurring: $200-400
• One-time setup: $700-1,500

Month 4-5: Clinical Protocols and Workflow Design

• Develop intake forms and sleep questionnaires (free templates available, or purchase/license validated scales)
• Create insomnia treatment protocols (medication algorithms, CBT-I referral pathways)
• Set scheduling policies (cancellation policy, no-show fees, telehealth consent)
• Optional: CBT-I training course: $300-1,000
• Time investment: 20-40 hours (minimal cash cost unless purchasing training)

Month 5-6: Marketing and Patient Acquisition

• Claim Google Business Profile: Free
• List on directories (Psychology Today, Zocdoc): $0-300/month depending on tier
• Google Ads test budget: $300-500 to test keywords
• Create 3-5 blog posts about insomnia treatment for SEO (DIY or hire writer): $0-500
• Estimated initial spend: $300-1,500

Total First-6-Month Costs

• Conservative estimate: $5,000-10,000 (if you’re doing most work yourself, starting with one state, using basic tech stack)
• Moderate estimate: $12,000-20,000 (multi-state licensing, decent marketing budget, outsourcing some tasks)
• Aggressive estimate: $25,000-50,000 (custom website, multi-state launch, hiring VA or biller from day one)

Most providers who start lean and reinvest profits can launch for under $10,000 out-of-pocket by choosing states strategically, using off-the-shelf technology, and handling marketing themselves initially.

The Reality Check: Why This Model Works (When Done Right)

Here’s what makes a telehealth insomnia practice viable:

1. Genuine market need: Insomnia is massively underserved. Primary care providers don’t have time to manage it properly, and most general psychiatrists focus on more acute conditions.

2. Telehealth removes access barriers: Patients who can’t take time off work for in-person appointments can log on at 7pm. Patients in rural Texas or upstate New York can access specialists they’d never find locally.

3. The economics work: Once you’re past the setup phase, your marginal cost per patient is low (your time). Whether you’re charging $150-200 cash-pay or getting $120-150 from insurance, you can build a sustainable practice at 20-30 patient visits per week.

4. Retention can be strong: Patients who successfully treat their insomnia become evangelists. They refer friends, leave glowing reviews, and create organic marketing you can’t buy.

The practices that fail typically make one of three mistakes:

• Underestimating licensing timelines and running out of capital before they can see patients
• Choosing the wrong payer model for their market (cash-only in an underinsured state, or insurance-only with rates too low to survive)
• Ignoring patient acquisition cost and spending indiscriminately on marketing without tracking ROI

Avoid those mistakes, and you’re positioned to build something sustainable.

Next Steps: How to Actually Start

If you’re serious about launching a telehealth insomnia practice:

1. Choose your initial 1-2 states based on licensing timeline, market opportunity, and your existing connections. Don’t try to launch in 6 states simultaneously.

2. Start licensing applications immediately — this is your critical path. Don’t wait until you have everything else figured out.

3. Decide cash vs insurance based on realistic assessment of your target market and financial runway. When in doubt, start cash-pay for simplicity and layer in insurance later.

4. Build your tech stack lean — use off-the-shelf solutions, don’t build custom platforms. You can always upgrade later.

5. Solve patient acquisition deliberately — test one or two channels (pay-per-appointment platform plus organic SEO) and track what actually converts before scaling spend.

6. Monitor your metrics religiously: Patient acquisition cost, no-show rate, revenue per patient, patient lifetime value. These numbers tell you whether your practice is sustainable.

The providers who succeed in telehealth insomnia treatment aren’t the ones with the fanciest websites or the biggest marketing budgets. They’re the ones who understand their economics, manage operations tightly, and consistently deliver excellent clinical outcomes.

The market is there. The regulatory environment (especially with DEA flexibilities extended through

Source:

• https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?Appmode=DisplayStatute&URL=0400-0499%2F0456%2FSections%2F0456.47.html#:~:text=provider%20may%20not%20use%20telehealth,in%20Schedule%20II%20of%20s
• https://www.hhs.gov/press-room/dea-telemedicine-extension-2026.html#:~:text=WASHINGTON%E2%80%94JANUARY%202%2C%202026%E2%80%94The%20U,while%20permanent%20rules%20are%20finalized
• https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dos/department-and-offices/bpoa/boards-commissions/medicine/interstate-medical-licensure-compact.html#:~:text=The%20Interstate%20Medical%20Licensure%20Compact,representatives%20from%20each%20member%20state
• https://imlcc.com/information-for-states/#:~:text=The%20Compact%20currently%20includes%2037,became%20operational%20in%20April%202017
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• https://www.axios.com/local/chicago/2025/03/06/illinois-mental-health-bill-reimbursement-rates#:~:text=new%20provider,in%20private%20practice%20tells%20Axios
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7970619/#:~:text=Results%3A
• https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7970619/#:~:text=A%20total%20of%202%2C532%20clinical,P%20%3C%20.0001%29%2C%20and